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1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries

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1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries
← 1988 February 10 to June 9, 1992 1996 →
4,201 delegates to the Democratic National Convention
2,101 (majority) votes needed to win
 
Candidate Bill Clinton Jerry Brown Paul Tsongas
Home state Arkansas California Massachusetts
Delegate count 3,372 596 289
Contests won 37 6 9
Popular vote 10,482,411 4,071,232 3,656,010
Percentage 52.0% 20.2% 18.1%
 
Candidate Tom Harkin Bob Kerrey
Home state Iowa Nebraska
Delegate count 49 15
Contests won 3 1
Popular vote 280,304 318,457
Percentage 1.4% 1.6%
     Bill Clinton      Jerry Brown
     Paul Tsongas      Tom Harkin      Bob Kerrey
Previous Democratic nominee

Michael Dukakis

 Democratic nominee

Bill Clinton

From February 10 to June 9, 1992, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1992 United States presidential election. Despite scandals and questions about his character, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton won the nomination through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1992 Democratic National Convention held from July 13 to July 16, 1992, in New York City. Clinton and Tennessee Senator Al Gore were nominated by the convention for president and vice president, respectively.

Clinton and Gore went on to take advantage of the chaos and disarray of the Reagan coalition and win the presidential election, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush and becoming the first Democratic nominee since Jimmy Carter to win a presidential election.

Background

[edit]

Although the McGovern–Fraser Commission had recommended proportionality as early as 1972, this primary was the first to adopt the proportional 15% rule, still in place today, as the standard throughout the country. Any candidate receiving greater than 15% of the vote in a given congressional district (or in the case of New Jersey, state legislative district) would receive a proportional share of the apportioned delegates for that district or state.[1] For 1992 two-thirds of the delegates were selected in 35 primaries.[2]

Candidates

[edit]

During the aftermath of the Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush's approval ratings were high. At one point after the successful performance by U.S. forces in Kuwait, President Bush had an 89% approval rating.[3]

As a result of Bush's high popularity, major high-profile Democratic candidates feared a high likelihood of defeat in the 1992 general election. This fear was "captured perfectly by Saturday Night Live in a skit called 'Campaign '92: The Race to Avoid Being the Guy Who Loses to Bush,'" in which each prospective major candidate "tried to top the other in explaining why they were unfit to run" for the presidency.[4][5][6]

Mario Cuomo and Jesse Jackson declined to seek the Democratic nomination for president, as did U.S. Senator and eventual Vice President Al Gore, whose son had been struck by a car and was undergoing extensive surgery and physical therapy.[7] However, Governors Bill Clinton and Jerry Brown and U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas opted to run for president.

Nominee

[edit]
Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign Popular vote Contests won Running mate
Bill Clinton Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981)
(1983–1992) 		 Arkansas
(Campaign • Positions)
Secured nomination:
June 2, 1992 		10,482,411
(52.01%) 		37
NY, NJ, PA, OH, WV, VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, MI, WI, IL, IN, KY, TN, AL, MS, LA, AR, NE, KS, OK, TX, NM, WY, MT, OR, CA, HI, DC, PR 		Al Gore

Eliminated at convention

[edit]
Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Popular vote Contests won
Jerry Brown Governor of California
(1975–1983) 		 California
(Campaign)

Eliminated at Convention:
July 15, 1992

4,071,232
(20.20%) 		6
AK, CO, CT, ME, NV, VT

Withdrew during or before primaries

[edit]
Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Popular vote Contests won
Paul Tsongas U.S. Senator
from Massachusetts
(1979–1985) 		 Massachusetts
Suspended Campaign:
March 19, 1992
Endorsed Bill Clinton:
June 3, 1992
 3,656,010
(18.14%) 		9
AZ, DA, DE, MD, MA, NH, RI, UT, WA
Tom Harkin U.S. Senator
from Iowa
(1985–2015) 		 Iowa
(Campaign)Withdrew:
March 9, 1992
Endorsed Bill Clinton:
March 26, 1992 		280,304
(1.39%) 		3
ID caucus, IA, MN caucus
Bob Kerrey U.S. Senator
from Nebraska
(1989–2001) 		 Nebraska
Withdrew:
March 5, 1992
Endorsed Bill Clinton:
May 14, 1992 		318,457
(1.58%) 		1
SD
Douglas Wilder Governor
of Virginia
(1990–1994) 		 Virginia
Withdrew:
January 8, 1992
Endorsed Bill Clinton:
July 14, 1992 		240
(0.00%) 		0

Minor candidates

[edit]

Other notable individuals campaigning for the nomination but not featuring in major polls were:

Larry Agran Lyndon LaRouche Tom Laughlin Eugene McCarthy
Mayor
of Irvine, California
(1982–1984), (1986-1990) 		No Elected Office
(Head of the National Caucus of Labor Committees) 		No Elected Office
(Actor) 		U.S. Senator
from Minnesota
(1959–1971)

Declined

[edit]
Dale Bumpers John Silber Sam Nunn Pat Schroeder George J. Mitchell George McGovern Dick Gephardt
U.S. Senator
from Arkansas
(1975–1999) 		President of Boston University
(1971–1996) 		U.S. Senator
from Georgia
(1972–1997) 		U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1973–1997) 		U.S. Senator
from Maine
(1980–1995) 		U.S. Senator
from South Dakota
(1963–1981) 		U.S. Representative
from Missouri
(1977–2005)
April 20, 1990[8] March 8, 1991[9] March 10, 1991[10] March 13, 1991[11] March 31, 1991[12] May 23, 1991[13] July 17, 1991[14]
Jay Rockefeller Al Gore Lloyd Bentsen Bill Bradley Dave McCurdy Jesse Jackson Mario Cuomo
U.S. Senator
from West Virginia
(1985–2015) 		U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1985–1993) 		U.S. Senator
from Texas
(1971–1993) 		U.S. Senator
from New Jersey
(1979–1997) 		U.S. Representative
from Oklahoma
(1981–1995) 		Shadow Senator
from the District of Columbia
(1991–1997) 		Governor
of New York
(1983–1994)
August 7, 1991[15] August 21, 1991[16] August 28, 1991[17] August 28, 1991[18] October 18, 1991[19] November 2, 1991[20] December 20, 1991[21]

Timeline

[edit]

Bush's high approval rating after the Gulf War made many Democrats feel that they could not defeat him in the election. Dick Gephardt, Al Gore, Jesse Jackson, Sam Nunn, and Jay Rockefeller did not enter the race despite speculation around them as candidates.[22]

Clinton, a Southerner with experience governing a more conservative state, positioned himself as a centrist New Democrat. He prepared for a run in 1992 amidst a crowded field seeking to beat the incumbent President George H. W. Bush. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, Bush seemed unbeatable, but an economic recession—which ultimately proved to be small by historical standards—spurred the Democrats on. Tom Harkin won his native Iowa without much surprise. Clinton, meanwhile, was still a relatively unknown national candidate before the primary season when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair.[23] Clinton sought damage control by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton, for an interview with Steve Kroft. Paul Tsongas of Massachusetts won the primary in neighboring New Hampshire but Clinton's second-place finish – strengthened by Clinton's speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid" – re-energized his campaign. Clinton swept nearly all of the Southern Super Tuesday primaries, making him the solid front runner. Jerry Brown, however, began to run a surprising insurgent campaign, particularly through use of a 1-800 number to receive grassroots funding. Brown "seemed to be the most left-wing and right-wing man in the field. [He] called for term limits, a flat tax, and the abolition of the Department of Education."[24] Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut and Colorado.

On March 17, Tsongas left the race when he decisively lost both the Illinois and Michigan primaries to Clinton, with Brown as a distant third. Exactly one week later, Brown eked out a narrow win in the bitterly fought Connecticut primary. As the press focused on the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, which were both to be held on the same day, Brown, who had taken the lead in polls in both states, made a serious gaffe: he announced to an audience of various leaders of New York City's Jewish community that, if nominated, he would consider the Reverend Jesse Jackson as a vice presidential candidate. Jackson was still a controversial figure in that community and Brown's polling numbers suffered. On April 7, he lost narrowly to Clinton in Wisconsin (37–34), and dramatically in New York (41–26). In addition, his "willingness to break with liberal orthodoxy on taxes led to denunciations from the party regulars, but by the end of the race he had been embraced by much of the Left."[24]

Although Brown continued to campaign in a number of states, he won no further primaries. Despite this, he still had a sizable number of delegates, and a big win in his home state of California would have deprived Clinton of sufficient support to win the nomination. After nearly a month of intense campaigning and multiple debates between the two candidates, Clinton managed to defeat Brown in the California primary by a margin of 47% to 40%. Clinton became the second candidate after George McGovern in 1972 to win the nomination without winning Iowa or New Hampshire. The same feat would be repeated nearly 30 years later by Joe Biden in 2020.

Clinton won 28 of the 35 states that held primaries while only winning 4 of the 16 states that used caucuses.[25] 70% of black voters supported Clinton, 15% supported Brown, and 8% supported Tsongas.[26]

Schedule and results

[edit]
Date

(daily totals)

Total pledged

delegates

Contest Delegates won and popular vote
Bill Clinton Jerry Brown Paul Tsongas Tom Harkin Bob Kerrey
February 10 49 Iowa
(caucus)
76 (2.81%)
51 (1.60%)
128 (4.11%) 		49
2,314 (76.55%)
72 (2.41%)
February 18 18 New Hampshire 9
41,540 (24.78%)
13,659 (8.15%) 		9
55,663 (33.20%)
17,063 (10.18%)
18,584 (11.08%)
February 22 22 Maine
(caucus)[27][a] 		3
515 (15.13%) 		7
994 (30.77%) 		8
987 (29.31%) 		1
174 (4.99%)
105 (3.01%)
February 25 15 South Dakota[28] 3
11,421 (19.10%)
2,304 (3.86%)
5,756 (9.62) 		5
15,153 (25.23%) 		7
23,974 (40.12%)
March 3

(380)

47 Colorado[29] 14
64,470 (26.90%) 		18
69,073 (28.82%) 		15
61,360 (25.61%)
5,866 (2.45%)
29,572 (12.34%)
76 Georgia[29] 54
259,907 (57.17%)
36,808 (8.10%) 		22
109,148 (24.01%)
9,479 (2.09%)
22,033 (4.85%)
18 Idaho
(caucus) 		(11.56%) (4.57%) (28.76%) (29.57%) –
67 Maryland 29
189,905 (35.76%)
46,480 (8.75%) 		38
230,490 (43.40%)
32,899 (6.20%)
27,035 (5.09)
78 Minnesota
(caucus) 		– – (19.2%) (26.7%) –
23 Utah
(caucus) 		?
5.780 (18.27%) 		?
8,971 (28.36%) 		?
10,582 (33.45%)
1,274 (4.03%)
3,447 (10.90%)
71 Washington
(caucus)
561 (13.82%) 		?
784 (19.32%) 		?
1,299 (32.01%)
305 (7.52%)
249 (6.14%)
March 7 41 Arizona
(caucus)
10,607 (29.20%)
9,990 (27.50%) 		?
12,496 (34.40%)
2,761 (7.60%) 		–
43 South Carolina ?
73,221 (62.90%)
6,961 (5.98%) 		?
21,338 (18.33%)
7,657 (6.58%)
566 (0.49%)
13 Wyoming
(caucus) 		?
78 (28.57%) 		?
63 (23.08%)
32 (11.72%)
39 (14.29%) 		–
March 8 17 Nevada
(caucus) 		?
355 (26.47%) 		?
467 (34.83%)
264 (19.69%)
6 (0.45%) 		13 (0.97%)
March 10
(Super Tuesday)
(777) 		14 Delaware
(caucus) 		?
520 (20.78%) 		?
488 (19.50%) 		?
755 (30.16%) 		– –
148 Florida ?
554,861 (50.79%)
133,156 (12.19%) 		?
379,572 (34.75%)
13,302 (1.22%)
11,557 (1.06%)
14 Hawaii
(caucus) 		?
1,552 (51.49%)
410 (13.60%)
431 (14.30%)
383 (12.71%)
12 (0.40%)
60 Louisiana ?
267,029 (69.46%)
25,480 (6.63%)
42,509 (11.06%)
4,033 (1.05%)
2,984 (0.78%)
94 Massachusetts
86,817 (10.95%)
115,746 (14.60%) 		?
526,297 (66.38%)
3,764 (0.48%)
5,409 (0.68%)
39 Mississippi ?
139,893 (73.11%)
18,396 (9.61%)
15,538 (8.12%)
2,509 (1.31%)
1,660 (0.87%)
77 Missouri ?
10,148 (45.10%)
1,282 (5.70%)
2,295 (10.20%) 		– –
45 Oklahoma ?
293,266 (70.47%) 		?
69,624 (16.69%) 		–
14,015 (3.40%)
13,252 (3.20%)
22 Rhode Island ?
10,762 (21.22%) 		?
9,541 (18.82%) 		?
26,825 (52.90%)
319 (0.63%)
469 (0.92%)
68 Tennessee ?
214,485 (67.35%)
25,560 (8.02%) 		?
61,717 (19.38%)
2,099 (0.66%)
1,638 (0.51%)
196 Texas ?
972,235 (65.56%)
118,869 (8.02%) 		?
285,224 (19.23%)
19,618 (1.32%)
20,298 (1.37%)
March 17

(295)

164 Illinois ?
776,829 (51.65%)
220,346 (14.65%) 		?
387,891 (25.79%)
30,710 (2.04%)
10,916 (0.73%)
131 Michigan ?
297,280 (50.73%) 		?
97,017 (16.56%) 		?
151,400 (25.84%)
6,265 (1.07%)
3,219 (0.55%)
March 19 ? Democrats Abroad ?
(27.00%) 		– ?
(37.00%)
(7.00%) 		–
14 North Dakota ?
(37%)
(7.68%)
(10.54%)
(6.96%)
(1.23%)
March 24 53 Connecticut ?
61,698 (35.64%) 		?
64,472 (37.24%) 		?
33,811 (19.53%)
1,919 (1.11%)
1,169 (0.68%)
March 31 14 Vermont
(caucus) 		?
208 (17.20%) 		?
573 (47.40%)
117 (9.68%) 		– –
April 2 13 Alaska
(caucus)[30] 		?
340 (30.91%) 		?
364 (33.09%)
14 (1.27%) 		– –
April 5 51 Puerto Rico[31] 51
62,273 (95.86%)
921 (1.42%)
59 (0.09%)
31 (0.05%)
930 (1.43%)
April 7 36 Kansas ?
82,145 (51.26%)
20,811 (12.99%) 		?
24,413 (15.23%)
940 (0.59%)
2,215 (1.38%)
0 Minnesota
63,584 (31.14%)
62,474 (30.60%)
43,588 (21.35%)
4,077 (2.00%)
1,191 (0.58%)
244 New York ?
412,349 (40.92%) 		?
264,278 (26.23%) 		?
288,330 (28.61%)
11,535 (1.15%)
11,147 (1.11%)
82 Wisconsin ?
287,356 (37.19%) 		?
266,207 (34.46%) 		?
168,619 (21.83%)
5,395 (0.70%)
3,044 (0.39%)
April 11 78 Virginia
(caucus)[32] 		?
1,820 (52.00%)
420 (12.00%) 		– – –
April 28 169 Pennsylvania[33] ?
715,031 (56.48%) 		?
325,543 (25.72%)
161,572 (12.76%)
21,013 (1.66%)
20,802 (1.64%)
May 5 77 Indiana[34] ?
301,905 (63.31%) 		?
102,379 (21.47%)
58,215 (12.21%) 		–
14,350 (3.01%)
84 North Carolina[35] ?
443,498 (54.10%)
71,984 (10.40%)
57,589 (8.32%)
5,891 (0.85%)
6,216 (0.90%)
17 Washington D.C.[36] ?
45,685 (73.87%)
57,589 (7.21%)
71,984 (10.41%) 		– –
May 12 25 Nebraska[37] ?
68,562 (45.53%) 		?
31,673 (21.03%)
10,707 (7.11%)
4,239 (2.82%) 		–
31 West Virginia[38] ?
227,815 (74.24%)
36,505 (11.90%)
21,271 (6.93%)
2,774 (0.90%)
3,152 (1.03%)
May 19 47 Oregon (45.10%) (31.18%) (10.48%) – –
0 Washington 62,171 (42.01%) 34,111 (23.05%) 18,981 (12.83%) 1,858 (1.26%) 1,489 (1.01%)
May 26 0 Idaho 27,004 (48.99%) 9,212 (16.71%) – – –
52 Kentucky (56.08%) (8.29%) (4.88%) (1.93%) (0.88%)
May 27 36 Arkansas (68.05%) (11.02%) – – –
June 2 55 Alabama (68.22%) (6.72%) – – –
348 California ?
1,359,112 (47.47%) 		?
1,150,460 (40.18%) 		212,522 (7.42%) – 33,935 (1.19%)
16 Montana (46.81%) (18.48%) (10.74%) – –
105 New Jersey (63.26%) (19.76%) (11.15%) – –
25 New Mexico (52.87%) (16.92%) (6.24%) (1.78%) –
151 Ohio (61.24%) (18.94%) (10.63%) (2.44%) (2.20%)
June 9 0 North Dakota (14.52%) – – – –
Total pledged delegates – – – – –

Polling

[edit]

Nationwide

[edit]
Poll source Publication
Jerry Brown
Bill Clinton
Tom Harkin
Bob Kerrey
Paul Tsongas
Other
Undecided
Gallup[39] Sep. 1991 21% 6% 6% 5% 5% ? —
Gallup[39] Nov. 1991 21% 9% 10% 10% 7% ? —
Gallup[39] Jan. 1992 21% 17% 9% 11% 6% ? —
New York Times/CBS News[40] Jan. 1992 ? 22% ? ? 10% ? —
Gallup[39] Feb. 2, 1992 21% 42% 9% 10% 9% ? —
New York Times/CBS News[40] Feb. 22, 1992 10% 29% 3% 4% 24% 4%[b] 26%
  1. ^ Source provides only preliminary results.
  2. ^ "Someone else" with 4%

State polling

[edit]

New Hampshire

[edit]
Poll source Publication Sample size MoE
Jerry Brown
Bill Clinton
Mario Cuomo
Tom Harkin
Bob Kerrey
Paul Tsongas
Other
Undecided
USA Today–CNN–Gallup[41] Feb. 12–14 600 V ±5% 6% 23% – 14% 10% 39% – 8%
Boston Globe–WBZ-TV[41] Feb. 13–14 400 LV ±5% 5% 25% 4% 11% 11% 32% 4% 8%
Mason-Dixon[41] Feb. 13–15 433 V ±5% 4% 21% 4% 9% 8% 34% – 20%

The convention

[edit]
Main article: 1992 Democratic National Convention

The convention met in New York City, and the official tally was:

Clinton chose U.S. Senator Albert A. Gore Jr. (D-Tennessee) to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Choosing Gore, who is from Clinton's neighboring state of Tennessee, went against the popular strategy of balancing a Southern candidate with a Northern partner. Gore did serve to balance the ticket in other ways, as he was perceived as strong on foreign policy and environmental issues, while Clinton was not.[42] Also, Gore's similarities to Clinton allowed him to push some of his key campaign themes, such as centrism and generational change.[43]

Before Gore's selection, other politicians were mentioned as a possible running-mate, e.g. Bob Kerrey, Dick Gephardt, Mario Cuomo, Indiana Representative Lee H. Hamilton, Pennsylvania Senator Harris Wofford, Florida Senator Bob Graham, and Massachusetts Senator John Kerry.

The Democratic Convention in New York City was essentially a solidification of the party around Clinton and Gore, though there was controversy over whether Jerry Brown, who did not endorse Clinton, would be allowed to speak. Brown did speak at the convention by seconding his own nomination.

Another additional controversy concerned Pennsylvania Governor Bob Casey, who sought a speaking slot at the convention but was not granted one. Casey complained that it was because of his outspoken anti-abortion views: he had warned the platform committee that Democrats were committing political suicide because of their support for abortion rights.[44] Clinton supporters have said that Casey was not allowed to speak because he had not endorsed the ticket.[45]

[edit]

Total popular vote number in primaries:[46]

Maps

[edit]
  • Results by county
    Results by county

Convention tallies

[edit]

For President:[47]

Vice presidential nomination

[edit]
Main article: 1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

Clinton selected Tennessee Senator and 1988 candidate Al Gore to be his running-mate. Among others confirmed possible V.P. nominees, who were finalists of Clinton's selection were:

Clinton's list of finalists did not include Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey and Governor of New York Mario Cuomo, who publicly disavowed interest in the vice presidency.[48]

Convention tally for vice president

[edit]
[edit]

The story of the race was covered in the 1993 documentary film The War Room and fictionalized into the 1996 novel and 1998 film Primary Colors.

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • My Life by Bill Clinton, 2004, Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball » The Modern History of the Democratic Presidential Primary, 1972–2008". www.centerforpolitics.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  2. ^ Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995, p. 22.
  3. ^ Kagay, Michael R. (May 22, 1991). "History Suggests Bush's Popularity will eventually ebb". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  4. ^ Dickerson, John (2016). Whistlestop: My Favorite Stories from Presidential Campaign History. Grand Central Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 9781455540464.
  5. ^ Popkin, Samuel L. (2012). The Candidate: What it Takes to Win - and Hold - the White House. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780199939411. the guy who loses to bush.
  6. ^ Saturday Night Live (November 2, 1991). Campaign '92: The Race to Avoid Being the Guy who Loses to Bush (NBC.com). Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  7. ^ "Al Gore's son busted for drugs in hybrid car". Reuters. July 5, 2007.
  8. ^ "Bumper's Statement Reviewed". The Sun. April 22, 1990. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "Silber Denies Plans For Presidential Bid". Daily Hampshire Gazette. March 9, 1991. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Ga. Senator Won't Rule Out Democrats Yet". The Macon Telegraph. March 11, 1991. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Schroeder Dismisses '92 Presidential Bid". The Daily Sentinel. March 14, 1991. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Hard-To-Beat Bush Candidacy Has Top Dems Looking To 1996". Tarrytown Daily News. April 18, 1991. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "McGovern Says No To Bid". Argus-Leader. May 24, 1991. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ "Gephardt: I Will Not Run For President In '92". Press and Sun-Bulletin. July 18, 1991. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Rockefeller Won't Seek Presidency". The Morning Call. August 8, 1991. p. A8 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Gore Won't Seek Presidency In 1992 Race". Bristol Herald Courier. August 22, 1991. p. 3B – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Bentsen Nixes Presidential Bid". San Angelo Standard-Times. August 29, 1991. p. 11A – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Bradley: 'We'll See' About Run For President". Press of Atlantic City. August 29, 1991. p. C2 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "Ducking '92 Race". Newsday (Suffolk Edition). October 19, 1991. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "Jackson Forgoes '92 Presidential Bid". The Daily Times. November 3, 1991. p. A3 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Mario: I'll Take New York". Star-Gazette. December 21, 1991. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995, pp. 15–16.
  23. ^ "Declaration of Gennifer Flowers". The Washington Post. March 13, 1998. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  24. ^ a b Walker, Jesse (2009-11-01) Five Faces of Jerry Brown Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative
  25. ^ Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995, p. 33.
  26. ^ Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995, p. 38.
  27. ^ "Maine caucus ends in dead heat between Tsongas, Brown". The Globe and Mail. 24 Feb 1992. p. 10.
  28. ^ Berkes, Richard (26 Feb 1992). "Kerrey Is South Dakota Victor". The New York Times. p. A1.
  29. ^ a b Edsall, Thomas (4 Mar 1992). "Brown Prevails In Colorado Test". The Washington Post. p. A1.
  30. ^ "Our Campaigns - AK US President - D Caucus Race - Apr 02, 1992".
  31. ^ "Our Campaigns - PR US President - D Primary Race - Apr 05, 1992".
  32. ^ "Our Campaigns - VA US President-D Caucus Race - Apr 11, 1992".
  33. ^ "Our Campaigns - PA US President - D Primary Race - Apr 28, 1992".
  34. ^ "Our Campaigns - IN US President - D Primary Race - May 05, 1992".
  35. ^ "Our Campaigns - NC US President - D Primary Race - May 05, 1992".
  36. ^ "Our Campaigns - DC US President - D Primary Race - May 05, 1992".
  37. ^ "Our Campaigns - NE US President - D Primary Race - May 12, 1992".
  38. ^ "Our Campaigns - WV US President - D Primary Race - May 12, 1992".
  39. ^ a b c d "US President - D Primaries Polling". OurCampaigns.com. 11 Dec 2010. Retrieved 29 Oct 2020.
  40. ^ a b Apple, R.W. (22 Feb 1992). "Tsongas Gains Substantially, Pulling Near Clinton in Poll". The New York Times. p. 1.
  41. ^ a b c "Latest poll shows Tsongas holding lead over Clinton". The Hartford Courant. 16 Feb 1992. p. A25.
  42. ^ Ifill, Gwen (1992-07-10). "Clinton Selects Senator Gore Of Tennessee As Running Mate". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  43. ^ "U.S. Senate: Albert A. Gore, Jr., 45th Vice President (1993-2001)". www.senate.gov. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  44. ^ The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution May 19, 1992 Page: A/8
  45. ^ "The myth of Bob Casey's 1992 non-speech". Brendan Nyhan. 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
  46. ^ "US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1992". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
  47. ^ "US President - D Convention Race - Jul 13, 1992". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
  48. ^ a b Ifill, Gwen (July 10, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Democrats; CLINTON SELECTS SENATOR GORE OF TENNESSEE AS RUNNING MATE". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

Works cited

[edit]
  • Abramson, Paul; Aldrich, John; Rohde, David (1995). Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections. CQ Press. ISBN 0871878399.
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