Talk:Fly ash

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Fly ash

This article seems to be based on [1] which appears to be a work of the US government and hence in the public domain.

There are two uses of fly ash in portland cement concretes. One is as a substitute for cement, and its related reactant, lime (calcium hydroxide). Up to 25% of cement can be replaced by fly ash, which results in early strength and improved workability. This decreases the dollar cost of the concrete, but at an often overlooked cost. The fly ash consumes the lime to form the cementitious calcium silicates. This depletes the lime with the result that the pH will begin to decline from 12.3 to some value approaching 8.2, decreasing the field of stability of the cementitious phases. This can and does weaken the strength of the mortar. Thus the statement that fly ash increases the durability of concrete may not be correct.

The second use of fly ash is as the fine aggregate in portland cement concrete. In this role, fly ash replaces some of the fine sand.

The increase in durability when using fly ash in concrete is mainly related to the sphere shape of the fly ash, resulting in higher compaction and the reduced water cement ratio. The consumption of free the hydration product (lime)also results into increased durability and avoids bleaching of the lime out of the concrete.

I would like to point out what may be a minor error in this article. The article states that "...Class F fly ash. This fly ash is not pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 10% CaO. Possessing pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires ..." This substance cannot be both "not pozzolanic" in nature and "possessing of pozzolanic properties" from one sentence to the next. Seems like a logical flaw or at least a compositional flaw in that the author may have been trying to focus in on the silica and alumina portion of the fly ash. It does not flow correctly and I recommend rewording this portion of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.120.255.250 (talk) 17:35, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

I think we should change the name from fly ash to coal ash since coal ash is a more general term. Coal ash can be in the form of fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slag. Blathersknows (talk) 21:09, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

Disagree. There is a separate article for bottom ash. There is also an overview article at Coal combustion products. Moreau1 (talk) 23:09, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

US-centrism

This article is overly US-centric, you cannot accurately speak of the composition of fly ash without making reference to a particular source of the coal. As this is based on US government sources, it is undoubtebly US coal, but this point must be clear. This is true of several other points within the article which are made in ignorance of the fact that they only refer to the US.

Not the original section creator here- Another issue I see arising in this article is vague terminology about regulation, and where regulation has taken place. I've placed a Where? tag in the disposal section, for example, where I could not find reference to where a 1% emission regulation/law was enacted. Knowing there is a lot of talk on this page about regulation and government action, it important to provide sources so that the jurisdiction is clear. Kwkintegrator (talk) 22:09, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

Exposure concerns section

I've shifted and significantly trimmed this section - it didn't belong at the start of the article, and was very non-encyclopedic in tone/style - it basically read like a summary of someone's speech (which it apparently was, according to the note tacked onto the bottom of it). Anyway, it's now at the end of the article along with the environmental issues section, with links to the silicosis article added instead of vague nonspecific discussions of lung damage due to crystalline silica. The section on advising control measures for communities close to fly ash processing facilities also didn't belong in an article like this.Johnprovis (talk) 12:47, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

I would just like to bring up that all the exposure concerns listed here are the same as concerns listed for concrete. Maybe someone should rewrite this section based on the second half of the concrete page's environmental and health section.147.182.0.16 (talk) 13:26, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

We need to add an environmental justice section and show stats on communities affected by spills. Blathersknows (talk) 22:12, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

Dead link

The really interesting — but controversed — link about radioactivity in fly ash is dead. Asr (talk) 10:33, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup

Would E.Sn0=31337= like to give some suggestions on what they would like to see cleaned up? Adding a tag and then not commenting doesn't seem particuarly constructive. Njfuller (talk) 21:16, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Afraid

I'm a bit afraid of the statement made regarding fly ash being nontoxic - considering that its pozzolanic behavior allows it to immediately produce a pH of >12 (in some cases) and that plenty of nasty oxoanions are immediately solubilized (chromate being one), I just don't see how it can be considered nontoxic. Whoever constructed the page MUST be careful to ensure that words like "nontoxic" aren't used too freely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.141.15.34 (talk) 13:22, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Ceramext

I would like a way to include a fair and balanced description on how Emgold Mining Corporation is creating recycled and manufactured stone products from fly ash. It looks like what I have included seems like an advertisement, but I am having a challenge regarding how to cut down or edit the section without omitting key data. I'd really like some suggestions, thanks kindly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emgold (talk • contribs) 15:52, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Your user name is the same as the company's, so you must be here to promote it's products. Please see the Wikipedia:Autobiography and Wikipedia:Spam policies. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 22:04, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Reference to Byker Ash.

Local authorities in the UK usually operated incinerators to burn rubbish/garbage. They did not burn coal. If this was the case in Newcastle the entry here is not relevant.--Wickifrank (talk) 23:36, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

That would be a good point, except that "fly ash" is broader than coal power-generation only and does include the residues from waste incineration too. If anything, this article might want its intro looking at. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:10, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Andy, can you give a reference that backs up that assertion? I have never heard of anything but coal ash referred to as fly ash. As far as I'm concerned, waste incineration ash is just ASH. Otherwise, since anything might end up being burned in a waste incinerator, EVERY ash could be called fly ash. So, I agree that the Byker reference should be removed. Garbagemania (talk) 03:03, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Off the top of my head, el-Wakil's "Powerplant technology" (a fairly common undergrad textbook for the field). It's not that it's tied to specific purposes at all, merely that the name "fly" ash comes from the fact it's that collected from flue gas in a baghouse rather than scraped out of the grates. You can thus get fly ash from anything with a chimney on it. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:43, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Pehaps the article on Pulverised Fuel Ash should be subsumed within this one - which is more detailed. And a section included in it noting that PFA is by far the largest type of fly ash but not the only type. --Wickifrank (talk) 18:56, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

A merge might well seem in order. PFA _is_ solely from coal burning (process steam as well as power though), and implies a particular chemistry and thus its physical properties. "Fly" ash is merely the ash that's caught from flue gas, rather than scraped from a grate by gravity. AFAIK, fly ash that isn't PFA isn't suitable for block-making either. Andy Dingley (talk) 19:00, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Please note that the Pulverised in PFA refers to the treatment of the coal before it is burnt. The powdered coal then burns like a gas when mixed with air. That process produces PFA which is removed from the flue. Coal burnt in a grate produces clinker, itself sometimes used as an aggregate but this is not PFA.--Wickifrank (talk) 05:22, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

It's worth pointing out that clinker (suitably ground) is used as an aggregate, but fly ash is used in blockmaking as a pozzolan instead. They're quite different and not interchangeable. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:53, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

I suggest to remove the reference to Byker ash in this article, which deals exclusively with coal fly ash. Byker ash is fly ash obtained from burning municipal solid waste in an incinerator (called usually MSW ash), characterized by other chemical properties (high trace element concentrations) which cause it to be an hazardous waste. If there are no objections from other editors, and as already suggested by the editor Garbagemania on 30 January 2009, I will remove this irrelevant subsection within two weeks. Saba50 (talk) 09:30, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Sorry I hadn't noticed your comment here beforehand. I strongly oppose the removal of the Byker section. There are several reasons to keep it:

• The title of this article is "fly ash", which includes the Byker ash.
• The real issue of the Byker ash, that of unanticipated contamination, is relevant to fly ash from coal power, not just incinerators.
• The Byker incident is clearly notable, and readers looking for information on the topic are likely to arrive here looking for it.
• There is no reason not to include it. We can easily clarify the distinct sources of ash, much more easily than we can create articles called fly ash (actually only some sorts of fly ash) and fly ash from incinerators (which standard terminology just calls fly ash anyway).

Andy Dingley (talk) 10:47, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Industry bias

The strong emphasis on beneficial uses of coal fly ash, along with the minimization of environmental issues, leads me to question the objectivity of this article. I would like to see it flagged for industry bias.

Some of the resources for serious discussion of the problem of coal fly ash disposal include:

http://www.ilovemountains.org/tvaspill

http://www.earthjustice.org/library/reports/epa-coal-combustion-waste-risk-assessment.pdf

And EPA's documents are here: http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/fossil/index.htm

And here: http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/fossil/fsltech.htm

Wkovarik (talk) 13:38, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

So fix it. "Fly ash" has an accepted definition as "ash caught from flue gas" rather than "ash extracted from grate clinker" and that's not specific to coal burning for power generation - as previously mentioned, incinerators will generate this too (if they have any sort of flue gas filtration). This article is indeed worded in a way that's closely tied to coal power, but that ought to be fixable by editing. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:51, 12 January 2009 (UTC) (don't look at me though, no time at present, sorry)

---

Some of it is now fixed, with new information about constituents of fly ash from NAS and EPA sources. It is hard to believe that anyone would try to claim the following:

-- "Crystalline silica and lime are the major components of exposure concern." Lead, mercury, beryllium, thallium and arsenic ought to be on the list too. Lime and silica are an incomplete and misleading list of concerns.

-- "In and of itself, fly ash is neither toxic nor poisonous[citation needed], nor is it considered hazardous except when it becomes airborne." This is not at all true.

-- "These hazards can be minimised by controlling emissions of fly ash from bulk handling operations via closed pumping systems, and use of storage and handling equipment with approved automated spill containment equipment." This sounds like a fairly easy solution, but events in Tennessee in Dec 2008 show how difficult such controls can be.

-- Bill Kovarik

Bricks Section Out Of Date

Henry Liu intends to license his technology in 2008 but that is long gone. What happened?

Agreed- this is at least a year or two old... Oct 2009... needs to be updated.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.132.139.33 (talk) 20:08, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Pollution control equipment mandate

This sentence needs to be fixed: "In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now require that it be captured prior to release." It should not say that capture is required by the equipment. Is the pollution control equipment mandated by legislation enacted in recent decades, or by regulations promulgated in recent decades? Federal or state or both? Steve Wise (talk) 11:53, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Geopolymers

The current text (below) regarding fly ash geopolymers is misleading and inaccurate.

"It should be noted that when the total carbon footprint of the alkali required to form geopolymer cement is considered, including the calcining of limestone as an intermediate to the formation of alkali, the net reduction in total CO2 emissions may be negligible. Moreover, handling of alkali can be problematic and setting of geopolymer cements is very rapid (minutes versus hours) as compared to Portland cements, making widespread use of geopolymer cements impracticle (sic) at the ready mix level."

Using calcium hydroxide from calcined limestone as the alkali-activator would be rather pointless unless you were making a hybrid with portland cement. In that case, the high carbon footprint is due to the portland cement content. The alkali-activators normally used for geopolymers are sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Since the sodium hydroxide typically comes from the electrolysis of salt water, its carbon foot print largely depends upon that of the electricity used.

The setting of geopolymer cements is not "very rapid (minutes versus hours)." This is incorrect. To the degree geopolymer setting time is problematic is it in the other direction. Depending upon the source materials and PH, some geopolymers will not set at all without the addition of heat, typically something under 100C for one to two days. Geopolymer cement and concrete mix designs with setting times of several hours and high early curing times of approximately one day are normal. See the Australian company Zeobond for an example of a redi-mix truck-deliverable geopolymer concrete.

If whoever posted the paragraph quoted above is using either lime or high calcium fly ash and experiencing setting times in minutes versus hours, the product they are ending up with is not a geopolymer. Using 10 to 14 molar sodium or potassium hydroxide and adding a bit of something like boric or citric acid makes a workable geopolymer cement with the 20+% CaO fly ash available in my locale (interior Alaska).

209.112.135.214 (talk) 20:16, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

The section of Geopolymers needs to be approached with extreme caution, especially environmental claims. And process using upto 14M NaOH is laying itself open to dubious environmental claims let alone the literature for geoploymers shows that the resulting mix is hardly without problems. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.66.81.80 (talk) 10:49, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

References

A lot of subjective bias.

An update to this section is the new studies indicate the utilization of higher percentages of Fly Ash is possible. As an example, in a study performed in by Askarian et. al., 2018 Fly Ash was was utilized up to 50% with promising results in fresh, hardened and durability test.

There is NO support for the assertion "Fly Ash often replaces up to 30% by mass of Portland cement" (added emphasis) as added by user 207.32.18.129 on 9 October 2012. Unless there are objections or a valid citation, then at best all that can be said is "Untreated fly ash may replace up to 25%, although the typical maximum range is 15-20%" (per Schneider, M.; Romer M., Tschudin M. Bolio C. (2011). "Sustainable cement production - present and future". Cement and Concrete Research 41: 642–650).

Of course, anyone operating with concrete contractors knows that even in the US (in the "good old days" before the EPA concerns), 10% was largely the norm but this is largely anecdotal and I would not state such an anecdotal fact. The Schneider "statistic" is best seen as a "typical maximum" range, rather than common practise.

For example, the total cementitious market is typically defined as OPC + Blast Furnace Slag + Fly Ash, where Fly Ash is typically stated at 10% of OPC. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.66.81.80 (talk) 10:57, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

References

Missing Class N, Poor Description of ASTM C618 Standards

The article is missing information on Class N fly ash as described in ASTM C618. Also the chemical description of Class F and C fails to mention the usage of SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 usage for determining class of fly ash (ASTM C618-12A Table 1)

205.236.14.89 (talk) 14:24, 13 November 2014 (UTC)

It isn't missing, it's omitted because Class N is defined in C618 as "Raw or calcined natural pozzolans", so is not a type of fly ash. I agree that the classification section needs improvement, though - and needs to include the EN definitions of classes as well as the ASTM ones. This is done much better in the Cement article, I'll try to have some input here (and bring across information) as time permits... Johnprovis (talk) 10:25, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

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Merge from Pulverised fly ash

This article and Pulverised fly ash (PFA) cover the same ground. It would seem prudent to merge the PFA content here.  Velella  ^{Velella Talk}   23:02, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

  Y Merger complete. Klbrain (talk) 21:56, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

Introduction and Scope

The article, particularly its introduction, implies that fly ash is solely from the combustion of coal, when in reality fly ash is a catch-all term for ash entrained in the flue gas from a combustion process. Given the increased importance of biomass firing over the last decade (especially outside the US, particularly in Europe) and the significant differences in fly ash composition, I feel that the article is outdated, and that it may need substantial changes (particularly in the Introduction, Chemical Composition and Classification, and Compliance sections) and a shift away from its US-centric nature. Leerobbo92 (talk) 17:40, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

Magnification

It does not make sense to state the magnification of a photomicrograph in reproductions, as in the figure caption. The magnification depends on the display size and zoom factor. Please remove. 2001:A61:2BC5:201:CC90:E655:C2DE:47DF (talk) 17:08, 12 December 2023 (UTC)