Jump to content

Histrionic personality disorder

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Histrionic personality disorder
Two masks, one is white and smiling, the other is black and depressed
Dramatic behavior is a key marker of histrionic personality disorder
SpecialtyClinical Psychology, Psychiatry
SymptomsPersistent attention seeking, dramatic behavior, rapidly shifting and shallow emotions, sexually provocative behavior, undetailed style of speech, and a tendency to consider relationships more intimate than they actually are.
Usual onsetSymptoms typically do not fully develop until late teens or early 20's
DurationLifelong
CausesAuthoritarian Parenting, Highly responsive noradrenergic systems, Genetics, Childhood trauma
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms
Differential diagnosisOther personality disorders, substance abuse disorders, and personality change due to another medical condition
TreatmentFunctional analytic psychotherapy, functional ideographic assessment template, and coding client and therapist behaviors

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in adolescence or early adulthood, including inappropriate seduction and an excessive desire for approval. People diagnosed with the disorder are said to be lively, dramatic, vivacious, enthusiastic, extroverted and flirtatious.

HPD lies in the dramatic cluster of personality disorders, also known as the Cluster B. People with HPD have a high desire for attention, make loud and inappropriate appearances, exaggerate their behaviors and emotions, and crave stimulation.[1] They very often exhibit pervasive and persistent sexually provocative behavior, express strong emotions with an impressionistic style, and can be easily influenced by others. Associated features can include egocentrism, self-indulgence, continuous longing for appreciation, and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own wants.

Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Signs and symptoms

[edit]

People diagnosed with HPD may be dramatic.[2][3][4] They often fail to see their own personal situation realistically, instead dramatizing and exaggerating their difficulties. Patients with this disorder can have rapidly shifting emotions and a decreased ability to recognize the emotions of others.[5] Their emotions may appear superficial or exaggerated to others. This disorder is associated with extraversion,[6] a lower tolerance for frustration or delayed gratification,[7] and openness to new experiences. People with HPD may have little self-doubt and often appear egocentric.[8]

Research has also shown those with histrionic personality have a greater desire for social approval and reassurance and will constantly seek it out, making those with HPD more vulnerable to social media addiction.[9] People with this disorder often display excessive sensitivity to criticism or disapproval.[10] They will work hard to get others to pay attention to them,[11] possibly as a method of testing the stability of relationships.[12] They may enjoy situations in which they can be the center of attention, and may feel uncomfortable when people are not paying attention to them.[6] People with this disorder may wear flamboyant clothing, try body modifications,[13] and fake medical conditions in an attempt to draw others' attention.[6][14] They may be inappropriately sexually provocative,[15][16] flirtatious,[6][17][18] or exploitative.[19] Sexually suggestive and exhibitionist behavior are also behaviors people with this condition sometimes exhibit, and are more likely to seek out casual sexual relationships.[20] Some people with histrionic traits or personality disorder change their seduction technique into a more parental style as they age.[21] When their desire for attention is not met, it can heighten the severity of their symptoms.[22]

Patients with HPD are usually high-functioning, both socially and professionally. They usually have good social skills, despite tending to use them to make themselves the center of attention.[6] HPD may also affect a person's social and romantic relationships, as well as their ability to cope with losses or failures. People with HPD tend to consider relationships closer than they usually are.[23][24][25] They may seek treatment for clinical depression when romantic (or other close personal) relationships end.[24] Substance disorders,[26] such as alcohol use disorder or opioid use disorder,[27][28] are all common in patients with histrionic personality disorder.[29][30] They are also at higher risks of suicide,[31][32] body dysmorphia (a preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's physical appearance),[33][34] and divorce.[35] They may go through frequent job changes, as they become easily bored and may prefer withdrawing from frustration (instead of facing it). Because they tend to crave novelty and excitement, they may place themselves in risky situations. All of these factors may lead to greater risk of developing clinical depression.[4] People with this condition can have an impressionistic and undetailed style of speech.[36]

Despite these traits, they can be prideful of their own personality, and may be unwilling to change, viewing any change as a threat. They may even blame their personal failures or disappointments on others.[21]

Causes

[edit]

Little research has been done to find evidence of what causes histrionic personality disorder. Although direct causes are inconclusive, various theories and studies suggest multiple possible causes, of a neurochemical, genetic, psychoanalytic, or environmental nature. Traits such as extravagance, vanity, and seductiveness of hysteria have similar qualities to women diagnosed with HPD.[37] HPD symptoms typically do not fully develop until late teens or early 20's[38][39], while the onset of treatment only occurs, on average, at approximately 40 years of age.[40][41].

Although 80% of diagnosed cases are in females, it may be equally prevalent among men. Little is know about how this disorder affects males, but it is thought to be more difficult to detect in men.

Authoritarian parenting

[edit]

Authoritarian or distant attitudes, usually by the mother but sometimes both parents, may result in children developing this disorder later in life.[42] [43]

Psychoanalytic theories incriminate authoritarian or distant attitudes by one (mainly the mother) or both parents, along with conditional love based on expectations the child can never fully meet.[1] Using psychoanalysis, Freud believed that lustfulness was a projection of the patient's lack of ability to love unconditionally and develop cognitively to maturity, and that such patients were overall emotionally shallow.[44] He believed the reason for being unable to love could have resulted from a traumatic experience, such as the death of a close relative during childhood or divorce of one's parents, which gave the wrong impression of committed relationships. Exposure to one or multiple traumatic occurrences of a close friend or family member's leaving (via abandonment or mortality) could make the person unable to form true and affectionate attachments towards other people.[45]

Neurochemical/physiological

[edit]

Studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between the function of certain hormones, neurotransmitters and the Cluster B personality disorders such as HPD. This seems to be especially evident with respect to the catecholamines. Individuals diagnosed with HPD have a highly responsive noradrenergic system, which is responsible for the synthesis, storage, and release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. High levels of norepinephrine lead to anxiety-proneness, dependency, novelty seeking, and high sociability.[40][medical citation needed]

Genetic

[edit]

Twin studies have aided in breaking down the genetic vs. environment debate. A twin study conducted by the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo attempted to establish a correlation between genetics and Cluster B personality disorders. With a test sample of 221 twins, 92 monozygotic and 129 dizygotic, researchers interviewed the subjects using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II) and concluded that there was a correlation of 0.67 that histrionic personality disorder is hereditary.[29]

HPD and antisocial personality disorder

[edit]

Another theory suggests a possible relationship between histrionic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Research has found 2/3 of patients diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder also meet criteria similar to those of the antisocial personality disorder,[37] which suggests both disorders based towards sex-type expressions may have the same underlying cause.

Some family history studies have found that histrionic personality disorder, as well as antisocial and borderline personality disorders, tend to run in families, but it is unclear how much is due to genetic versus environmental factors.[46] Both examples suggest that predisposition could be a factor as to why certain people are diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder, however little is known about whether or not the disorder is influenced by any biological compound or is genetically inheritable.[46] Little research has been conducted to determine the biological sources, if any, of this disorder.

Diagnosis

[edit]

The person's appearance, behavior and history, along with a psychological evaluation, are usually sufficient to establish a diagnosis. There is no test to confirm this diagnosis. Because the criteria are subjective, some people may be wrongly diagnosed.[47][medical citation needed]

DSM 5

[edit]

The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM 5, defines histrionic personality disorder (in Cluster B) as:[48]

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

  • is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention
  • interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
  • displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
  • consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
  • has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
  • shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion
  • is suggestible, i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances
  • considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are

The DSM 5 requires that a diagnosis for any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.

ICD-10

[edit]

The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists histrionic personality disorder (F60.4) as:[49]

A personality disorder characterized by:

  • shallow and labile (easily changeable) affectivity,
  • self-dramatization,
  • theatricality,
  • exaggerated expression of emotions,
  • suggestibility,
  • egocentricity,
  • self-indulgence,
  • lack of consideration for others,
  • easily hurt feelings, and
  • continuous seeking for appreciation, excitement and attention.

It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfy a set of general personality disorder criteria.

Comorbidity

[edit]

Most histrionics also have other mental disorders. Comorbid conditions include: antisocial, dependent, borderline, and narcissistic personality disorders,[50] as well as depression,[51] anxiety disorders, panic disorder, somatoform disorders, anorexia nervosa, substance use disorder[52] and attachment disorders, including reactive attachment disorder.[53]

Millon's subtypes

[edit]

In 2000, Theodore Millon suggested six subtypes of histrionic personality disorder. Any individual histrionic may exhibit one or more of the following:[54]

Subtype Personality Traits
Appeasing histrionic (Including dependent and compulsive features) Seeks to placate, mend, patch up, smooth over troubles; knack for settling differences, moderating tempers by yielding, compromising, conceding; sacrifices self for commendation; fruitlessly placates the unplacatable.
Vivacious histrionic (including hypomanic features, and possibly

narcissistic features)

Vigorous, charming, bubbly, brisk, spirited, flippant, impulsive; seeks momentary cheerfulness and playful adventures; animated, energetic, ebullient.
Tempestuous histrionic (Including negativistic features) Impulsive, out of control; moody complaints, sulking; precipitous emotion, stormy, impassioned, easily wrought-up, periodically inflamed, turbulent.
Disingenuous histrionic (Including antisocial features) Underhanded, double-dealing, scheming, contriving, plotting, crafty, false-hearted; egocentric, insincere, deceitful, calculating, guileful.
Theatrical histrionic (Variant of "pure" pattern) Affected, mannered, put-on; postures are striking, eyecatching, graphic; markets self-appearance; is synthesized, stagy; simulates desirable/dramatic poses.
Infantile histrionic (Including borderline features) Labile, high-strung, volatile emotions; childlike hysteria and nascent pouting; demanding, overwrought; fastens and clutches to another; is excessively attached, hangs on, stays fused to and clinging.

Treatment

[edit]

Treatment is often prompted by depression associated with dissolved relationships. Medication does little to affect the personality disorder, but may be helpful with symptoms such as depression.[47][failed verification] Treatment for HPD itself involves psychotherapy, including cognitive therapy.[1]

Interviews and self-report methods

[edit]

In general clinical practice with assessment of personality disorders, one form of interview is the most popular: an unstructured interview.[55] The actual preferred method is a semi-structured interview but there is reluctance to use this type of interview because they can seem impractical or superficial.[55] The reason that a semi-structured interview is preferred over an unstructured interview is that semi-structured interviews tend to be more objective, systematic, replicable, and comprehensive.[55] Unstructured interviews, despite their popularity, tend to have problems with unreliability and are susceptible to errors leading to false assumptions of the patient.[55]

One of the single most successful methods for assessing personality disorders by researchers of normal personality functioning is the self-report inventory following up with a semi-structured interview.[55] A disadvantage to the self-report inventory method is that, with histrionic personality disorder, there is a distortion in character, self-presentation, and self-image.[55] This means that most clients cannot be assessed by simply asking them if they match the criteria for the disorder.[55] Most projective testing depends less on the ability or willingness of the person to provide an accurate description of the self, but there is currently limited empirical evidence on projective testing to assess histrionic personality disorder.[55]

Functional analytic psychotherapy

[edit]

Another way to treat histrionic personality disorder after identification is through functional analytic psychotherapy.[56] The job of a Functional Analytic Psychotherapist is to identify the interpersonal problems with the patient as they happen in session or out of session.[56] Initial goals of functional analytic psychotherapy are set by the therapist and include behaviors that fit the client's needs for improvement.[56] Functional analytic psychotherapy differs from the traditional psychotherapy due to the fact that the therapist directly addresses the patterns of behavior as they occur in-session.[56]

The in-session behaviors of the patient or client are considered to be examples of their patterns of poor interpersonal communication and to adjust their neurotic defenses.[56] To do this, the therapist must act on the client's behavior as it happens in real time and give feedback on how the client's behavior is affecting their relationship during therapy.[56] The therapist also helps the client with histrionic personality disorder by denoting behaviors that happen outside of treatment; these behaviors are termed "Outside Problems" and "Outside Improvements".[56] This allows the therapist to assist in problems and improvements outside of session and to verbally support the client and condition optimal patterns of behavior".[56] This then can reflect on how they are advancing in-session and outside of session by generalizing their behaviors over time for changes or improvement".[56]

Coding client and therapist behaviors

[edit]

In these sessions there is a certain set of dialogue or script that can be forced by the therapist for the client to give insight on their behaviors and reasoning".[56] Here is an example;[56] the conversation is hypothetical. T = therapist C = Client. This coded dialogue can be transcribed as:

  • ECRB – Evoking clinically relevant behavior
    • T: Tell me how you feel coming in here today (CRB2) C: Well, to be honest, I was nervous. Sometimes I feel worried about how things will go, but I am really glad I am here.
  • CRB1 – In-session problems
    • C: Whatever, you always say that. (becomes quiet). I don't know what I am doing talking so much.
  • CRB2 – In-session improvements
  • TCRB1 – Clinically relevant response to client problems
    • T: Now you seem to be withdrawing from me. That makes it hard for me to give you what you might need from me right now. What do you think you want from me as we are talking right now?".
  • TCRB2 – Responses to client improvement
    • T: That's great. I am glad you're here, too. I look forward to talking to you.[56]

Functional ideographic assessment template

[edit]

Another example of treatment besides coding is functional ideographic assessment template.[56] The functional ideographic assessment template, also known as FIAT, was used as a way to generalize the clinical processes of functional analytic psychotherapy.[56] The template was made by a combined effort of therapists and can be used to represent the behaviors that are a focus for this treatment.[56] Using the FIAT therapists can create a common language to get stable and accurate communication results through functional analytic psychotherapy at the ease of the client; as well as the therapist.[56]

Epidemiology

[edit]

The survey data from the National epidemiological survey from 2001 to 2002 suggests a prevalence of HPD of 1.84 percent.[57][medical citation needed] Major character traits may be inherited, while other traits may be due to a combination of genetics and environment, including childhood experiences.[21] This personality is seen more often in women than in men.[58] Approximately 65% of HPD diagnoses are women while 35% are men. In Marcie Kaplan's A Women's View of DSM-III, she argues that women are overdiagnosed due to potential biases and expresses that even healthy women are often automatically diagnosed with HPD.[19] It has also been argued due to diagnostic bias that prevalence rates are equal among women and men.[59]

Many symptoms representing HPD in the DSM are exaggerations of traditional feminine behaviors. In a peer and self-review study, it showed that femininity was correlated with histrionic, dependent and narcissistic personality disorders.[15] Although it has typically been found that at least two thirds of HPD diagnoses are female, there have been a few exceptions.[60] Whether or not the rate will be significantly higher than the rate of women within a particular clinical setting depends upon many factors that are mostly independent of the differential sex prevalence for HPD.[36] Those with HPD are more likely to look for multiple people for attention, which leads to marital problems due to jealousy and lack of trust from the other party. This makes them more likely to become divorced or separated once married.[61] With few studies done to find direct causations between HPD and culture, cultural and social aspects play a role in inhibiting and exhibiting HPD behaviors.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Bienenfeld, David (2006). "Personality Disorders". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  2. ^ Kuzman, Martina Rojnic; Jovanovic, Nikolina; Vukelja, Dinko; Medved, Vesna; Hotujac, Ljubomir (2008). "Psychiatric symptoms in idiopathic intracranial hypertension". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 62 (3): 367. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01810.x. ISSN 1323-1316. PMID 18588604. S2CID 38221625.
  3. ^ French, J.; Shrestha, S. (2020). "Histrionic Personality Disorder". Definitions. doi:10.32388/lqk9fy. S2CID 212809271.
  4. ^ a b "Histrionic personality disorder". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 2012-08-29. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  5. ^ Ritzl, A.; Csukly, G.; Balázs, K.; Égerházi, A. (2018). "Facial emotion recognition deficits and alexithymia in borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders". Psychiatry Research. 270: 154–159. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.017. PMID 30248486. S2CID 52876012.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Histrionic Personality Disorder". The Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  7. ^ First, Michael B.; Tasman, Allan (2010-02-08). Clinical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-470-74520-5.
  8. ^ Furnham, A. (2014). "A bright side, facet analysis of histrionic personality disorder: The relationship between the HDS Colourful factor and the NEO-PI-R facets in a large adult sample". The Journal of Social Psychology. 154 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.953026. PMID 25280168. S2CID 7592361.
  9. ^ Savci, Mustafa; Turan, Mehmet Emin; Griffiths, Mark D.; Ercengiz, Mustafa (2021). "Histrionic Personality, Narcissistic Personality, and Problematic Social Media Use: Testing of a New Hypothetical Model". International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 19 (4): 986–1004. doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00139-5. ISSN 1557-1874. S2CID 204887310.
  10. ^ Sperry, Len (2013-05-13). Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-135-95083-5.
  11. ^ "Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) - Psychiatric Disorders". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  12. ^ Babl, Anna; Gómez Penedo, Juan Martín; Berger, Thomas; Schneider, Noemi; Sachse, Rainer; Kramer, Ueli (2022-07-06). "Change processes in psychotherapy for patients presenting with histrionic personality disorder". Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 30 (1): 64–72. doi:10.1002/cpp.2769. ISSN 1063-3995. PMC 10084191. PMID 35776063. S2CID 250174275.
  13. ^ Malick, Farah; Howard, Josie; Koo, John (2008). "Understanding the psychology of the cosmetic patients". Dermatologic Therapy. 21 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00169.x. ISSN 1396-0296. PMID 18318885. S2CID 20474746.
  14. ^ Ritvo, E. C.; Melnick, I.; Marcus, G. R.; Glick, I. D. (2006). "Psychiatric conditions in cosmetic surgery patients". Facial Plastic Surgery. 22 (3): 194–197. doi:10.1055/s-2006-950177. PMID 17048160. S2CID 260138417.
  15. ^ a b Klonsky, Jane, Turkheimer, Oltmanns, E. David, J. Serrita, Eric, Thomas (2002). "Gender Role and Personality Disorders". J Pers Disord. 16 (5): 464–76. doi:10.1521/pedi.16.5.464.22121. PMC 4364134. PMID 12489312.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ White, Robert Douglas; Graham, Hannah (2010). Working with Offenders: A Guide to Concepts and Practices. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-84392-794-5.
  17. ^ Gazzillo, F.; Lingiardi, V.; Del Corno, F.; Genova, F.; Bornstein, R. F.; Gordon, R. M.; McWilliams, N. (2015). "Clinicians' emotional responses and Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual adult personality disorders: A clinically relevant empirical investigation". Psychotherapy. 52 (2): 238–246. doi:10.1037/a0038799. hdl:11585/799617. PMID 25868053.
  18. ^ Busch, A. M.; Kanter, J. W.; Callaghan, G. M.; Baruch, D. E.; Weeks, C. E.; Berlin, K. S. (2009). "A micro-process analysis of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy's mechanism of change". Behavior Therapy. 40 (3): 280–290. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.07.003. PMID 19647529.
  19. ^ a b Kaplan, Marcie (July 1983). "A Women's View on DSM-III" (PDF). American Psychologist. 38 (7): 786–792. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.786. PMID 6614624. S2CID 37908061. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  20. ^ Ferguson, C. J. (2011). "Sexting behaviors among young Hispanic women: Incidence and association with other high-risk sexual behaviors". The Psychiatric Quarterly. 82 (3): 239–243. doi:10.1007/s11126-010-9165-8. PMID 21153441. S2CID 29980530.
  21. ^ a b c Arthur, Melissa (2006). "Histrionic Personality Disorder". Histrionic Personality Disorder: Description, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Causes, Associated Conditions, Diagnosis, Signs and symptoms and treatment. Armenian Medical Network. Archived from the original on 2007-02-12. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  22. ^ Duncan*, Cameron; Mellum, Nathanael; Cuneo, Candie; Anukam, Doris; Anderson-Monroe, Cassandra (2020-10-13). "Understanding Histrionic Personality Disorder: A Guide for APRNs". International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research. ISSN 2688-9501.
  23. ^ Cunliffe, T.; Gacono, C. B. (2005). "A Rorschach investigation of incarcerated female offenders with antisocial personality disorder". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 49 (5): 530–546. doi:10.1177/0306624X04273198. PMID 16260481. S2CID 27327861.
  24. ^ a b French, Jennifer H.; Shrestha, Sangam (2022), "Histrionic Personality Disorder", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31194465, retrieved 2022-07-21
  25. ^ "Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) - Psychiatric Disorders". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  26. ^ Lorea, I.; Fernández-Montalvo, J.; López-Goñi, J. J.; Landa, N. (2009). "Cocaine addiction and personality disorders: A study with the MCMI-II". Adicciones. 21 (1): 57–63. doi:10.20882/adicciones.252. hdl:2454/28270. PMID 19333525.
  27. ^ Albein-Urios, Natalia; Verdejo-Román, Juan; Soriano-Mas, Carles; Asensio, Samuel; Martínez-González, José Miguel; Verdejo-García, Antonio (2013). "Cocaine users with comorbid Cluster B personality disorders show dysfunctional brain activation and connectivity in the emotional regulation networks during negative emotion maintenance and reappraisal". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 23 (12): 1698–1707. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.04.012. ISSN 1873-7862. PMID 23712090. S2CID 12081832.
  28. ^ González, Ester; Arias, Francisco; Szerman, Nestor; Vega, Pablo; Mesias, Beatriz; Basurte, Ignacio (2019). "Coexistence between personality disorders and substance use disorder. Madrid study about prevalence of dual pathology". Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría. 47 (6): 218–228. ISSN 1578-2735. PMID 31869422.
  29. ^ a b Torgersen, Lygren, Øien, Skre, Onstad, Edvardsen, Tambs, Kringlen, Svenn, Sissel, Per Anders, Ingunn, Sidsel, Jack, Kristian, Einar (November 2000). "A Twin Studies of Personality Disorders". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 41 (6): 416–425. doi:10.1053/comp.2000.16560. PMID 11086146.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Gillespie, N. A.; Aggen, S. H.; Neale, M. C.; Knudsen, G. P.; Krueger, R. F.; South, S. C.; Czajkowski, N.; Nesvåg, R.; Ystrom, E.; Kendler, K. S.; Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2018). "Associations Between Personality Disorders and Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder: A Population-Based Twin Study". Addiction. 113 (8): 1488–1498. doi:10.1111/add.14209. PMC 6043378. PMID 29500852.
  31. ^ Shafiee-Kandjani, A. R.; Amiri, S.; Arfaie, A.; Ahmadi, A.; Farvareshi, M. (2014). "Relationship between Personality Profiles and Suicide Attempt via Medicine Poisoning among Hospitalized Patients: A Case-Control Study". International Scholarly Research Notices. 2014: 675480. doi:10.1155/2014/675480. PMC 4897309. PMID 27433491.
  32. ^ Ortigo, K. M.; Westen, D.; Bradley, B. (2009). "Personality subtypes of suicidal adults". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 197 (9): 687–694. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b3b13f. PMC 2746062. PMID 19752649.
  33. ^ Gruber, M.; Jahn, R.; Stolba, K.; Ossege, M. (2018). "'Barbie Doll Syndrome'. A case report of body dysmorphic disorder". Neuropsychiatrie. 32 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1007/s40211-017-0241-2. PMID 28791577. S2CID 148611124.
  34. ^ Holt, D. J.; Phillips, K. A.; Shapiro, E. R.; Becker, A. E. (2003). ""My Face is My Fate": Biological and psychosocial approaches to the treatment of a woman with obsessions and delusions". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 11 (3): 142–154. doi:10.1080/10673220303951. PMC 1622895. PMID 12893504.
  35. ^ Disney, K. L.; Weinstein, Y.; Oltmanns, T. F. (2012). "Personality disorder symptoms are differentially related to divorce frequency". Journal of Family Psychology. 26 (6): 959–965. doi:10.1037/a0030446. PMC 3569846. PMID 23244459.
  36. ^ a b Widiger, T. (1998). "Sex biases in the diagnosis of personality disorders". Journal of Personality Disorders. 12 (2): 95–118. doi:10.1521/pedi.1998.12.2.95. PMID 9661097.
  37. ^ a b Barlow, H.D. & Durand, V.M. (2005). Personality Disorders. (pp. 443–444). Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomas Wadsworth.
  38. ^ "Histrionic Personality Disorder: Who does histrionic personality disorder affect?". clevelandclinic.org. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  39. ^ "Histrionic personality disorder: Causes". mountsinai.org. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  40. ^ a b Lumen Learning. "Histrionic Personality Disorder". Lumen Learning. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  41. ^ Fancher, R.E. & Rutherford, A. (2012). Pioneers of psychology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  42. ^ "Histrionic personality disorder: Etiology and risk factors". www.sciencedirect.com. 2021. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  43. ^ Moini, Jahangir (2021). Global Emergency of Mental Disorders. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-323-85837-3.
  44. ^ Pfohl, B. (1995). Histrionic personality disorder. The DSM IV Personality Disorders, 173–192.
  45. ^ Nickert, J. (n.d.) Histrionic Personality Disorder.
  46. ^ a b Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). Personality Disorders. (pp. 266–267). Abnormal Psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  47. ^ a b "Psych Central: Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment". Psych Central. 2017-12-17. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  48. ^ "Chapter 16: Personality Disorders". DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2000.
  49. ^ "Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization. 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2012-06-05. (F60.4)
  50. ^ Hales E and Yudofsky JA, eds, The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2003
  51. ^ Skodol, A. E.; Grilo, C. M.; Keyes, K. M.; Geier, T.; Grant, B. F.; Hasin, D. S. (2011). "Relationship of personality disorders to the course of major depressive disorder in a nationally representative sample". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050695. PMC 3202962. PMID 21245088.
  52. ^ "Armenian Medical Network". Archived from the original on 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  53. ^ Trisha Akula (2024-11-02). "HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER- A REVIEW ON COMORBIDITIES, ASSOCIATED FEATURES AND ASSESSMENTS WITH CONSIDERATION OF FACTITIOUS DISORDER TRAITS". EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR): 1–3. doi:10.36713/epra18871. ISSN 2455-3662.
  54. ^ Millon, Theodore (2004). Personality Disorders in Modern Life. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-23734-5.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h Sutker, P.B. (2002). Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Dependent Personality Disorders. Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 513–514). New York: Kluwer Academic.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Callaghan G.M.; Summers C.J.; Weidman M. (2003). "The treatment of histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder behaviors: A single-subject demonstration of clinical improvement using functional analytic psychotherapy". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 33 (4): 321–339. doi:10.1023/b:jocp.0000004502.55597.81. S2CID 42066477.
  57. ^ Grant, Bridget F.; Hasin, Deborah S.; Stinson, Frederick S.; Dawson, Deborah A.; Chou, S. Patricia; Ruan, W. June; Pickering, Roger P. (2004-07-15). "Prevalence, Correlates, and Disability of Personality Disorders in the United States". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 65 (7): 948–958. doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0711. ISSN 0160-6689. PMID 15291684.
  58. ^ Suinn, Richard M. (1984). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (Updated ed.). Chicago: Nelson-Hall. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-0-8304-1071-2.
  59. ^ Sprock, June (2 February 2000). "Gender-Typed Behavioral Examples of Histrionic Personality Disorder". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 22 (2): 107–122. doi:10.1023/A:1007514522708. S2CID 141244223.
  60. ^ Corbitt, E., Widiger, T. (1995). "Sex differences among the personality disorders: An exploration of the data". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2 (3): 225–238. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00041.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ Disney, K.L., Weinstein, Y., & Oltmanns, T.F. (2012). "Personality disorder symptoms are differentially related to divorce frequency". Journal of Family Psychology. 26 (6): 959–965. doi:10.1037/a0030446. PMC 3569846. PMID 23244459.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histrionic_personality_disorder&oldid=1266126236"