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Kashima Antlers

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Kashima Antlers
鹿島アントラーズ
Full nameKashima Antlers F.C. Co., Ltd.
Founded1947; 77 years ago (1947) as Sumitomo Metal FC
GroundKashima Soccer Stadium
Capacity40,728[1]
OwnerMercari
ChairmanFumiaki Koizumi[2]
ManagerMasaki Chugo
LeagueJ1 League
2024J1 League, 5th of 20
Websitewww.antlers.co.jp/en
Current season

Kashima Antlers (鹿島アントラーズ, Kashima Antorāzu) are a professional football club based in Kashima, Ibaraki, Japan. They currently play in the J1 League, the top tier of Japanese professional football leagues. The club has financial backing from Mercari, a Japanese e-commerce company.[3]

Since the J.League's creation and introduction of professional Japanese football in 1993, Kashima have proven themselves to be by far Japan's most successful football club in terms of trophies won, having won the J1 League title a record 8 times, the J.League Cup a record 6 times, the Emperor's Cup 5 times and the Japanese Super Cup a record 6 times for an unprecedented nineteen major domestic titles.[4] Continentally, Kashima became Asian champions when they won the AFC Champions League in 2018.[5] The club also won the J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship on 2 occasions in 2012 and 2013.

Internationally, Kashima has made two appearances in the FIFA Club World Cup where in the 2016 edition, the club qualified as the host of the tournament.[6] Kashima notably became the only club to qualify from the first round until the final where they would go on to lose to 2015–16 UEFA Champions League winners, Real Madrid 4–2 after extra time with Gaku Shibasaki scoring both goals for Kashima.[7]

Kashima are also one of only two clubs to have competed in Japan's professional top-flight football every year since its inception (the other being Yokohama F. Marinos).

History

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The name 'Antlers' is derived from the city of Kashima (鹿嶋), which literally translates to 'Deer Island'.[8] The club crest not only resembles deer antlers but it also reflects the image of rose thorn as it is the official flower of Ibaraki, the home prefecture of the club. Deer are amiable animals and are viewed in some religions as spiritual messengers. In fact, Kashima Shrine, one of the most famous shrines in Japan and located in close proximity to the club headquarters, have kept and raised deer for more than 1,300 years as spiritual symbol.

Leonardo Araújo played for Kashima from 1994 to 1996.

Founded in 1947 as Sumitomo Metal Industries Factory Football Club in Osaka and moved to Kashima, Ibaraki in 1975. It played in the semi-professional Japan Soccer League (JSL). They were promoted to the JSL's top flight in 1984, but never made much of an impact, going down in 1985/86,[9] returning in 1986/87 and going down again in 1988/89.[10] Its last standing in the JSL was 2nd in the Second Division for 1991/92.[11] In October 1991, Kashima Antlers FC Co., Ltd. was established with investment from 43 companies (at the time) from 5 local governments.

After the formation of the fully professional J.League, Sumitomo, like all other clubs, stripped the corporate brand from the club's name and reformed as the Kashima Antlers in April 1992. Kashima was essentially promoted to the new top flight, as many JSL First Division clubs decided to relegate themselves being unprepared for professionalism. (Of the original 10[a] J.League founding member clubs, Kashima and Shimizu S-Pulse were newly promoted. Ironically, Kashima had defeated a forerunner of Shimizu's, Nippon Light Metal/Hagoromo Club, to earn its JSL Second Division place back in 1974).

Since the J.League's creation and introduction of professional Japanese football in 1993, Kashima have consistently been amongst the strongest clubs in the country, holding several distinctions and records. Led by former Brazil national team star and Japan national team coach Zico in the club's formative years, Kashima were the first club to win a J.League stage, claiming the 1st stage of the inaugural season in 1993. This laid a platform for continuous greatness and long after the Kashima icon had departed, in 2000 Kashima became the first J.League club to achieve the "treble", by winning all three major titles: J.League, J.League Cup, and Emperor's Cup in the same year.

In recent times, by clinching the 2007 J.League title they became the first and only club in Japan to have won ten domestic titles in the professional era. In 2008 they became the first and only club to successfully defend the J.League title on two occasions. In 2009 they became the first and only club to win three consecutive J.League titles. With victories in back to back J.League Cups in 2011, 2012 and most recently followed by their 2015 victory, Kashima extended their unmatched record of major domestic titles in the professional era to seventeen.

Kashima Antlers celebrate after winning the 2018 AFC Champions League at the Azadi Stadium vs Persepolis

To this day, Kashima has maintained strong ties with the football community in Brazil, a fact borne out of Zico's past affiliation with the club. Kashima's Brazilian connection has manifested itself in both the club's player transfer and coaching policy resulting in only three non-Brazilian foreign players and predominantly Brazilian managers signing for Kashima since the inception of the J.League.

The population of Kashima city is a mere 60,000 and for that reason club has also adopted the surrounding cities of Itako, Kamisu, Namegata and Hokota as its official hometowns, all in Ibaraki Prefecture. The combined population of five cities is 280,000. Antlers home games are played at Kashima Soccer Stadium, one of the 2002 FIFA World Cup venues with capacity of 40,000.

During the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup, Kashima became the first Asian club to reach the FIFA Club World Cup final and notably became the only club to qualify from the first round until the final following a 3–0 victory over South American winners, Atlético Nacional.[12] In the final, after a 2–2 draw against European champions Real Madrid after 90 minutes, they were beaten 4–2 after extra time.[13]

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In the Captain Tsubasa manga series, two characters were players of Kashima Antlers. The Brazilian midfielders Luciano Leo (himself loosely based on Leonardo) and Pepe were colleagues of Flamengo's Carlos Santana and São Paulo's Tsubasa Ozora.

International affiliation

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In 2017, Kashima established a base in New York where the club main objective is to investigate and apply advanced cases from the digital domain of the Major League Soccer while there are also opportunities to gather information in terms of player management and competition factors. Another reason comes in the form of establishing relationships to learn international strategy directly from the likes of FC Barcelona and Bayern Munich. The relationship building hasn't solely been with European clubs, and for the past two years regular meetings have been held at the head offices of MLS in order to deepen ties with the league and its clubs.

Kit and colours

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Season(s) Kit manufacturer Main shirt sponsor Collarbone sponsor Additional sponsor(s)
2017 Nike Lixil Yellow Hat Riso Kagaku Corporation Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Eyeful Home
2018 Mercari
2019 Nippon Steel
2020
2021 Merpay / kaneka Connect
2022 kaneka
2023 Takasago Thermal Engineering
2024

Kit evolution

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Home stadium

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Kashima Soccer Stadium

Kashima Soccer Stadium has been the home ground of Kashima since 26 March 1993. The Kashima Soccer Museum, opened in 2004 is set for wide-scale renewal, while the Wellness Plaza, established in 2006, is also in line for similar improvements, including the installation of a public bath. There is a real awareness of furthering stadium use on non-matchdays to ensure Kashima Stadium is a hub for the local region. On the other hand, the importance of Kashima Stadium as a sacred football ground will also increase. The stadium has been selected as a host venue for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, meaning it will international competition for the first time since the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Ahead of that, the stadium will also host the Ibaraki National Sports Festival this year, at which athletes will gather from all over the country.

In 2008 a 500-metre LED wraparound advertising board, the longest in Asia, was installed at the front of the second tier. In 2017, the latest large electronic screens were added to both the north and south stands as part of the commitment to improving the viewing environment for visitors.

Current squad

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As of 15 August 2024.[14]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Japan JPN Tomoki Hayakawa
2 DF Japan JPN Koki Anzai
4 MF Serbia SRB Radomir Milosavljević
5 DF Japan JPN Ikuma Sekigawa
6 MF Japan JPN Kento Misao
7 FW Slovakia SVK Aleksandar Čavrić (On loan from Slovan Bratislava)
10 MF Japan JPN Gaku Shibasaki (captain)
11 FW Japan JPN Kyosuke Tagawa
13 FW Japan JPN Kei Chinen
14 MF Japan JPN Yuta Higuchi
15 MF Japan JPN Tomoya Fujii
16 DF Japan JPN Hidehiro Sugai
17 MF Brazil BRA Talles Brener (On loan from Rukh Lviv)
26 MF Japan JPN Naoki Sutoh
28 DF Japan JPN Shuhei Mizoguchi
29 GK Japan JPN Yuji Kajikawa
No. Pos. Nation Player
30 MF Japan JPN Shintaro Nago
31 GK Japan JPN Taiki Yamada
32 DF Japan JPN Kimito Nono
33 MF Japan JPN Hayato Nakama
34 MF Japan JPN Yu Funabashi
36 FW Japan JPN Shu Morooka
38 GK South Korea KOR Park Eui-jeong
39 DF Japan JPN Keisuke Tsukui
40 FW Japan JPN Yuma Suzuki
41 FW Japan JPN Homare Tokuda Type 2
42 DF Japan JPN Haruto Matsumoto Type 2
43 DF Japan JPN Mihiro Sato Type 2
44 DF Japan JPN Yugo Okawa Type 2
45 FW Japan JPN Minato Yoshida Type 2
55 DF Japan JPN Naomichi Ueda (vice-captain)
77 MF Brazil BRA Guilherme Parede (On loan from Talleres)

Out on loan

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Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
27 MF Japan JPN Yuta Matsumura (on loan at Tokyo Verdy)
DF Japan JPN Naoki Hayashi (on loan at Tokyo Verdy)
MF Japan JPN Ryotaro Araki (on loan at FC Tokyo)
MF Japan JPN Ryotaro Nakamura (on loan at Shimizu S-Pulse)
No. Pos. Nation Player
MF Japan JPN Yoshihiro Shimoda (on loan at Iwaki FC)
MF Japan JPN Yusuke Ogawa (on loan at FC Ryukyu)
FW Japan JPN Itsuki Someno (on loan at Tokyo Verdy)

Kashima Antlers Youth

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As of 15 April 2024.

The main U-18 team of Kashima Antlers currently plays in the Prince Takamado U-18 Premier League, the top-flight league for U-18 team of professional soccer clubs and high school soccer team in the country.[15][16]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Japan JPN Shuto Kikuta
2 DF Japan JPN Haruto Matsumoto
3 DF Japan JPN Ryunosuke Dobashi
4 DF Japan JPN Yugo Okawa
5 MF Japan JPN Rikuto Shiba
6 MF Japan JPN Yoshiki Iwanaga
7 DF Japan JPN Mihiro Sato
8 MF Japan JPN Yuto Sato
9 FW Japan JPN Hiroto Masaki
10 MF Japan JPN Shoma Ogasawara
11 FW Japan JPN Hayate Cho
13 FW Japan JPN Homare Tokuda
14 MF Japan JPN Sora Nakagawa
15 DF Japan JPN Daisuke Kondo
16 DF Japan JPN Ryua Oshima
No. Pos. Nation Player
18 FW Japan JPN Jigen Monoi
19 MF Japan JPN Yuwa Fukuoka
20 FW Japan JPN Victor Yuzo Shimada
21 GK Japan JPN Eita Kishino
22 DF Japan JPN Towa Asahina
26 DF Japan JPN Amon Tamaki
27 MF Japan JPN Ryota Tonooka
28 MF Japan JPN Rui Onuki
29 GK Japan JPN Taisei Matsumoto
31 GK Japan JPN Shoei Kurosawa
32 MF Japan JPN Daigo Hirashima
34 MF Japan JPN Haruto Takagi
35 MF Japan JPN Eita Ueno
40 FW Japan JPN Minato Yoshida
43 MF Japan JPN Genma Koeda

Club officials

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Role[17] Name
Technical advisor Brazil Zico
Manager Japan Masaki Chugo
Coaches Japan Ryuji Suzuki
Japan Kenji Haneda
Japan Masashi Moyoyama
Physical advisors Japan Masaya Sakihana
Physical coach Japan Ryosuke Ito
Goalkeeping coach Japan Yohei Sato
Assistant goalkeeper coach South Korea Kwoun Sun-tae
Technical staff Japan Suguru Arie
Strength coach Japan Hitoshi Otomo
Physiotherapists Japan Yoshihiko Nakagawa
Japan Atsushi Inaba
Athletic trainers Japan Toshihiro Hashimoto
Japan Kenichi Nakata
Japan Tsukasa Ohashi
Mental trainer Japan Toshiki Shimizu
Dietitian Japan Aya Ishibashi
Interpreters Japan Kenta Kasai
Japan Kentaro Seki
Japan Masaya Kawakubo
South Korea Kim Young-ha
Competent Japan Yuji Takada
Side affairs Japan Keisuke Okawa
Japan Shinpei Okiji
Team doctors Japan Hiroshi Jonouchi
Japan Jun Seki
Japan Ryo Matsunaga
Japan Takashi Sando
Japan Tomoo Ishii
Japan Toshiaki Nagamine
Japan Hiroshi Kimura

Honours

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As both Sumitomo Metal FC (1947–1991) and Kashima Antlers (1991–present)

Kashima Antlers honours
Honour No. Years
All Japan Senior Football Championship 1 1973
Japan Soccer League (Second tier) 2 1984, 1986–87
J1 League 8 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016
Emperor's Cup 5 1997, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2016
J.League Cup 6 1997, 2000, 2002, 2011, 2012, 2015
A3 Champions Cup 1 2003
Japanese Super Cup 6 1997, 1998, 1999, 2009, 2010, 2017
J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship 2 2012, 2013
AFC Champions League 1 2018

Personnel awards

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2018 AFC Champions League champions

World Cup players

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The following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup, while playing for Kashima Antlers:

Olympic players

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The following players have represented their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Kashima Antlers:

Manager history

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Manager Nationality Tenure
Start Finish
Masakatsu Miyamoto  Japan January 1992 June 1994
Edu  Brazil June 1994 December 1995
João Carlos  Brazil January 1996 July 1998
Takashi Sekizuka (interim)  Japan July 1998
Zé Mário  Brazil July 1998 August 1999
Takashi Sekizuka (interim)  Japan August 1999
Zico (interim)  Brazil 20 August 1999 31 December 1999
Toninho Cerezo  Brazil 1 January 2000 30 December 2005
Paulo Autuori  Brazil 31 December 2005 29 November 2006
Oswaldo de Oliveira  Brazil 1 January 2007 31 December 2011
Jorginho  Brazil 1 January 2012 31 December 2012
Toninho Cerezo  Brazil 1 January 2013 22 July 2015
Masatada Ishii  Japan 23 July 2015 31 May 2017
Go Oiwa  Japan 31 May 2017 1 January 2020
Antônio Carlos Zago  Brazil 2 January 2020 3 April 2021
Naoki Soma (interim)  Japan 7 April 2021 5 December 2021[18]
René Weiler   Switzerland 10 December 2021 7 August 2022[19]
Daiki Iwamasa  Japan 8 August 2022[20] 4 December 2023[21]
Ranko Popović  Serbia 21 December 2023[22] 6 October 2024[23]
Masaki Chugo  Japan 9 October 2024[24] Present

Record as J.League member

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Champions Runners-up Third place Promoted Relegated
Season Div. Tms. Pos. Avg. Attd. J.League Cup Emperor's Cup Super Cup Asia Others
1992 Semi-finals Quarter-finals
1993 J1 10 2nd 14,016 Group stage Runners-up
1994 12 3rd 16,812 1st round 1st round
1995 14 7th 19,141 Semi-finals
1996 16 1st 15,386 Group stage Quarter-finals
1997 17 2nd 16,985 Winner Winner Winner
1998 18 1st 15,345 Semi-finals Semi-finals Winner CC Quarter-finals
1999 16 9th 17,049 Runners-up Round of 16 Winner CWC 3rd place
2000 16 1st 17,507 Winner Winner CC Quarter-finals
2001 16 1st 22,425 Semi-finals Quarter-finals Runners-up
2002 16 4th 21,590 Winner Runners-up Runners-up CC Quarter-finals
2003 16 5th 21,204 Runners-up Semi-finals CL Group stage A3 Winner
2004 16 6th 17,585 Quarter-finals Quarter-finals
2005 18 3rd 18,641 Group stage Quarter-finals
2006 18 6th 15,433 Runners-up Semi-finals
2007 18 1st 16,239 Semi-finals Winner
2008 18 1st 19,714 Quarter-finals 5th round Runners-up CL Quarter-finals
2009 18 1st 21,617 Quarter-finals Quarter-finals Winner CL Round of 16
2010 18 4th 20,966 Quarter-finals Winner Winner CL Round of 16
2011 18 6th 16,156 Winner Round of 16 Runners-up CL Round of 16
2012 18 11th 15,381 Winner Semi-finals Suruga Winner
2013 18 5th 16,419 Quarter-finals Round of 16 Suruga Winner
2014 18 3rd 17,665 Group stage 2nd round
2015 18 5th 16,423 Winner 3rd round CL Group stage
2016 18 1st 19,103 Group stage Winner Suruga Runners-up
FIFA Runners-up
2017 18 2nd 20,467 Quarter-finals Quarter-finals Winner CL Round of 16
2018 18 3rd 20,547 Semi-finals Semi-finals CL Winner FIFA 4th place
2019 18 3rd 20,571 Semi-finals Runners-up CL Quarter-finals
2020 18 5th 6,466 Group stage Did not qualify CL Playoff
2021 20 4th 7,818 Quarter-finals Quarter-finals
2022 18 4th 16,161 Play-off stage Semi-finals
2023 18 5th 20,834 Quarter-finals 3rd round
2024 20 5th 3rd round Quarter-finals
Key
  • Attendance/G = Average home league attendance
  • 2020 & 2021 seasons attendances reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic.
  • Source: J.League Data Site

Former players

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International capped players

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Slogans

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Year Slogan
1998 CHALLENGE
1999 NEXT
2000 Glory Again– 原点からの挑戦–
(Challenge from the Beginning)
2001 - 勝利主義 Antlersism – FOR NEXT 10 YEARS
(Doctrine of Victory)
2002 - 進化 Antlersism – STAIRWAY TO THE WORLD
(Evolution)
2003 OVER'03 – カシマからアジア、そして世界へ –
(From Kashima to Asia, then to the World)
2004 FOOTBALL DREAM 2004 – 奪冠10 –
(Take the Crown 10)
2005 FOOTBALL DREAM 2005 – 反撃宣言 –
(Declaration of Counter-Attack)
2006 FOOTBALL DREAM 2006 – 一新制覇 –
(Brand New Conquest)
2007 FOOTBALL DREAM'07 –
魂 Spirits –
Year Slogan
2008 FOOTBALL DREAM 2008 – DESAFIO 挑戦 –
(Challenge)
2009 FOOTBALL DREAM 2009 – PROGRESSO 飛躍 –
(Progress)
2010 FOOTBALL DREAM 2010 – Evolução 新化 –
(Evolution)
2011 FOOTBALL DREAM NEXT
2012 SMILE AGAIN with PRIDE
2013 RENASCIMENTO – 誇りを胸に –
(Rebirth – Carrying Pride in Our Hearts)
2014 SPECTACLE – 戦 –
(Battle)
2015 RISE TO THE CHALLENGE – 覚悟 –
(Ready)
2016 FOOTBALL DREAM ともに
(Together)
2017 FOOTBALL DREAM つなぐ
(Connected)
Year Slogan
2018 FOOTBALL DREAM こえる
(Surpassing)
2019 FOOTBALL DREAM かわる
(Changing)
2020 FOOTBALL DREAM みせる[25]
(On Display)
2021 FOOTBALL DREAM しんか
(Evolution)
2022 FOOTBALL DREAM いどむ
(Challenge)
2023 FOOTBALL DREAM ひとつに
(Be the One)
2024 FOOTBALL DREAM かける
(Hang on)

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "Kashima Soccer Stadium". so-net.ne.jp. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  2. ^ "小泉 文明 代表取締役社長就任のお知らせ | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  3. ^ "株式会社メルカリおよび株式会社LIXILによる第三者割当増資引受けについて | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Kashima Antlers". www.jsoccer.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  5. ^ "Japan's Kashima Antlers secure Asian Champions League title with 2nd leg draw in Tehran". Inside World Football. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  6. ^ "Japan set to host continental champions in 2015 and 2016". FIFA.com. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015.
  7. ^ "Match report – Final – Real Madrid, C.F. v Kashima Antlers" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Kashima Antlers". www.jsoccer.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  9. ^ "Japan 1985/86". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Japan 1988/89". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Japan 1991/92". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  12. ^ "Kashima beats Nacional to become first Asian team to reach Club World Cup final". 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  13. ^ "Real Madrid win Club World Cup". BBC. 18 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  14. ^ "トップチーム". Archived from the original on 2022-04-05. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  15. ^ "アカデミー" (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  16. ^ "鹿島アントラーズユース" (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  17. ^ "スタッフ". antlers.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  18. ^ "相馬監督 退任のお知らせ | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  19. ^ "レネ ヴァイラー監督の退任について". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  20. ^ "岩政コーチの新監督就任について | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  21. ^ "岩政 大樹監督 退任のお知らせ | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  22. ^ "ランコ ポポヴィッチ氏 監督就任のお知らせ | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  23. ^ "ポポヴィッチ監督の解任を発表【鹿島】:Jリーグ公式サイト(J.LEAGUE.jp)". Jリーグ.jp(日本プロサッカーリーグ) (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  24. ^ "中後 雅喜コーチ 監督就任のお知らせ | 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト". 鹿島アントラーズ オフィシャルサイト | KASHIMA ANTLERS (in Japanese). Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  25. ^ 2020シーズンスローガン (2020 Season Slogan) Archived 2023-04-05 at the Wayback Machine – Kashima Antlers (January 23, 2020).
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