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Security Service of Ukraine

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Security Service of Ukraine
Служба безпеки України
Emblem of the Security Service
Flag of the Security Service
Agency overview
Formed20 September 1991; 33 years ago (1991-09-20)
JurisdictionGovernment of Ukraine
Headquarters32–35, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01034[1]
Employees29,000 (November 2017)[2]
30,000 (February 2014)[3]
Agency executive
Parent agencyPresident of Ukraine
WebsiteOfficial website
History of State
Security of Ukraine
 Ukrainian State
 Ukrainian SSR
 Ukraine
  • SBU (1992–present)
Logo of the Counter-Intelligence Department
Department "K" (Fights corruption and organized crime)
Badge of the Investigation Administration
Politics of Ukraine
Constitution
Presidency
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Local government
Elections
Foreign relations
See also
flag Ukraine portal

The Security Service of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Служба безпеки України, romanized: Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrainy; abbreviated as SBU[a] or SSU) is the main internal security agency of the Ukrainian government. Its main duties include counter-intelligence activity and combating organized crime and terrorism. The Constitution of Ukraine defines the SBU as a military formation, and its staff are considered military personnel with ranks. It is subordinated directly under the authority of the president of Ukraine.[5] The SBU also operates its own special forces unit, the Alpha Group.

The SBU was created after the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in 1991. The agency was viewed negatively by the Ukrainian public for much of its history, as it was widely regarded as corrupt and was best known for arresting and intimidating political dissidents. After the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, the SBU went through a restructuring with the transition to the new government, because of its corruption and possible infiltration by intelligence agencies of Russia.[6]

The SBU has since been involved in operations against Russia, pro-Russian separatists in Donbas and other Russian sympathizers after the start of the war in Donbas and the wider Russo-Ukrainian War.[7]

Duties and responsibilities

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The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.[8]

Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.

Organization

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The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However, the SBU keeps under its control special operation Alpha units with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains bloated in size compared to its predecessor, the Soviet Ukrainian KGB, with the total number of active officers being as high as 30,000 personnel. It is six times larger than the British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined.[9]

Structure

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  • Central Apparatus (consists of some 25 departments)
    • Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction
  • Regional Departments of the SBU (26 departments)
  • Special Department
  • Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Emergencies, State Border Guard Service, and others.
  • Educational Institutions
  • Military Counter-intelligence
  • State Archives of the SBU
  • Special Group "Alpha"

History

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Ukrainian security services in Soviet era

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On January 14, 1918, the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.[10]

In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service.[10] This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire).[10] After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State.[10] Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions – domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch.[10][11] It never became as well-led, nor as successful, as its forerunner, the security services of the Ukrainian State.[10][11] The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized.[10] The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police).[10] There was no cooperation between the security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic.[10]

In 1924, former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.[12]

SBU Alpha Group operators

The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918, in Kursk[13] on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919, by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919, there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry"[14] (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920, the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them of counterrevolutionary activity.[15] On December 10, 1934, the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.[13]

1990s–2005

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SBU Headquarters in Kyiv

The SBU originated from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel.[16] It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine.[10] The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia.[10] (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in 1993 and 1994.[10])

Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.

According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called prykhvatizatsiya) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.[9]

Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s.[16] Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.[16]

In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005, the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Управління державної охорони України), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.

The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.

Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case,[17] the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.

In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).

Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. The Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.

2005–2010

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In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally.[citation needed]

An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case.[18] The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.[19]

SBU agents provide security during the Battle of Kramatorsk, April 2014.

2010–2014

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The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding.[20] Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter,[citation needed] officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of TVi and Channel 5. In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo.[21][22][23] The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's[clarification needed] came from RosUkrEnergo.[citation needed] The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact[citation needed] that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) to recover their invested money in the recent[which?] presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:

All my experience until now indicates that I am a patriot. ... I see through economic intrigues, crime, know methods of money laundering, banks that illegally exchange currency. ... My knowledge is much wider than most of those who work here.

When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day.[24] Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV.[25] 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.[26]

Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010, it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion.[27] However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation.[28] Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.[29]

A SBU raid against organized crime in Sumy Oblast

On May 22, 2012, Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.[30]

The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.[31] A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.[32]

2014–2022

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SBU agents and Alpha Group operators during a raid against organizers of a pyramid scheme in 2020

In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.[33]

Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013 – February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest.[34] According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko, many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.[34]

After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the Revolution of Dignity the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency's former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed".[6] Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies.[6] Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later.[33] Allegedly in the months following the Revolution of Dignity thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine.[33] At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies.[33] In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed "There's no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread".[6] The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties.[33] To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.[33]

In June 2015, the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea.[35] According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea.[36] According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.[37]

In 2016, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.[38]

In 2017, the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU) expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.[39] According to reports of the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is responsible for multiple cases of human rights abuses including sexual violence and torture.[40][41]

A new fifth directorate of SBU was created in 2015 to act as a saboteur force. It was associated with several assassinations of prominent pro-Russian commanders in Donbas: Alexander Zakharchenko, Mikhail Tolstykh and Arsen Pavlov.[42]

On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.[7]

In late 2018, the SBU carried out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.[43][44][45]

On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17.[46] The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.[47]

On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov [uk], who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Anatolievich Egorov [uk].[48][49] He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine.[48] He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression.[50][51]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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SBU agent arresting a suspected Russian spy during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

With the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the SBU started to conduct extensive counter-espionage against Russian intelligence services. The SBU captured fifth-columnists, Russian sympathizers, collaborators, spies and infiltrators.[52] The SBU, with help of the American NSA and CIA, also broke through the Russian encrypted cellphone services, intercepting phone calls to find valuable targets or other useful intelligence. Several Russian generals died due to the intercepted calls.[53] They also published many supposed intercepted phone calls on their website, showing morale issues or admissions of war crimes by Russian troops.[54][55]

On March 5, 2022, SBU agents shot and killed Denis Kireev, a member of Ukraine's negotiating delegation during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, while he was being arrested.[56] According to the SBU, Kireev was suspected of treason and was claimed to have clear evidence of him working for the enemy.[57][58] However in August 18, later the Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine (GUR) disclosed the information that he was their agent and that he "died while performing special tasks" for the GUR.[59]

On April 12, 2022, the SBU announced they had arrested Viktor Medvedchuk, an ally of Vladimir Putin, in what Bakanov called a "a lightning-fast and dangerous multi-level special operation"; a treason case was opened against Medvedchuk the previous year and in February, and authorities said that Medvedchuk that escaped from house arrest.[60]

July 17, 2022, Head of the SBU Ivan Bakanov was dismissed by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[61] While a long-time associate and personal friend of Zelenskyy, Bakanov was accused of allowing treason and collaboration of SBU agents with Russia, and failing to uproot them.[62][63] Vasyl Malyuk, the first Deputy Head of the SBU, was appointed as acting Head of the SBU.[63]

According to Ukrainska Pravda and the UNIAN, the October 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion was carried out by the SBU.[64][65]

On August 7, 2023, Ukrainian Security Service has arrested a woman in relation to an attempt to assassinate President Zelenskyy. The unnamed woman was accused of supplying information for a Russian air strike.[66]

On August 12, 2024, SBU alleged that Russia was attempting to falsely accuse Kyiv's military of committing war crimes, as Ukraine advanced with a ground incursion into Russia's Kursk region. Meanwhile, Russian state media reported that Alexei Smirnov, accused Ukrainian forces of using chemical weapons. Smirnov also stated that Ukraine had seized control of 28 settlements in the region.[67]

Assassinations

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SBU was connected to a number of targeted attacks on Russian military personnel and pro-Kremlin figures. Ukraine said it was behind the killing of a senior Russian naval officer in a car in Crimea. SBU said it was also responsible for the killing of a high-ranking officer in the GRU military intelligence service, who was assassinated outside his house in a village in the Moscow region.

Apart from military figures, Ukraine has targeted prominent Russian pro-war propagandists, including Darya Dugina, daughter of an ultra-nationalist Russian ideologue Aleksandr Dugin, who was killed in 2023 when a car bomb smashed her Toyota Land Cruiser.[68]

SBU said, it assassinated Mikhail Shatsky a leading Russian missile scientist who worked on upgrading cruise missiles used on the battlefield in Ukraine. His body of was discovered in Kuzminsky forest park, at Kotelniki.[69]

In December 2024 the head of the Russian army’s chemical weapons division Igor Kirillov was killed by an explosive device attached to a scooter outside an apartment building in Moscow. It was the most targeted assassination of a senior military official since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, according to Guardian.[70][69]

Standard of the Head of the Security Service of Ukraine

Security Service of Ukraine (SBU)

[edit]
Main article: Head of the Security Service of Ukraine
Former Director of the SBU from 2019 to 2022 Ivan Bakanov

Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities

[edit]
  • Dmytro Yarmak[80] (2017–2019)
  • Roman Semenchenko[81] (2019–present)

Service medals

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  • 25 years in service
    25 years in service
  • 20 years in service
    20 years in service
  • 15 years in service
    15 years in service
  • 10 years in service
    10 years in service

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Ukrainian: СБУ

References

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  1. ^ "Official website of the authority. Contact Us". 2017. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017.
  2. ^ "У СБУ розповіли, скільки співробітників працює в спецслужбі". glavcom.ua. November 25, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  3. ^ "The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Малюк став повноцінним головою СБУ. Чим відомий борець з "агентурою в рясах"" [The kid became a full-fledged head of the SBU. What is the fighter with the "agency in cassocks" known for?]. BBC Ukrainian (in Ukrainian). February 7, 2023.
  5. ^ "SSU reform". SSU. Retrieved July 22, 2022. The Constitution of Ukraine defines the status of the SSU as a military institution.
  6. ^ a b c d Ex-Ukrainian Spy Chief: Russian Camps Spreading Chaos, Voice of America (July 26, 2015)
  7. ^ a b Sharkov, Damian (December 21, 2017). "Ukraine Arrests Two 'Russian Spies' as Double Agents Inside Kiev's Ranks". Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  8. ^ "Objectives and Duties of the SSU". Official website of SBU. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010.
  9. ^ a b Kuzio, Taras (2015). "The Security Service (SBU)". Ukraine. Democratization, Corruption and the New Russian Imperialism. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-4408-3502-5.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (in Ukrainian) Ukrainian intelligence services. Victory and defeat of the last century, Radio Svoboda (January 14, 2018)
  11. ^ a b (in Ukrainian) "Invisible Front": Special Forces of the Times of the Ukrainian Revolution, m.dt.ua (November 26, 2018)
  12. ^ Summary on Military secret service of the state center of the UNR in the exile and its leaders (1926–1938 biennium), history.vn.ua
  13. ^ a b "All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission". leksika.com.ua. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  14. ^ "All Ukrainian Cheka". leksika.com.ua. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  15. ^ "ЦЕЙ ДЕНЬ В IСТОРIЇ" [This day in history]. Den (in Ukrainian). August 19, 2010. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010.
  16. ^ a b c Sishkin, Phillip (March 11, 2015). "How Russian Spy Games Are Sabotaging Ukraine's Intelligence Agency". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  17. ^ "Gongadze Case Investigation". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.
  18. ^ "Amnesty International Report 1997 – Ukraine". July 17, 2009. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012.
  19. ^ "Ukrainian MPs ask prosecution to probe Security Service head on several claims". Interfax-Ukraine. December 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008.
  20. ^ Cicero. Berlin. August 2019 p. 38 (in German)
  21. ^ Німецька преса – про «ладно зачесаного шефа СБУ» [German press about the Chief of SBU] (in Ukrainian). UNIAN. July 20, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010.
  22. ^ Schuller, Konrad (July 19, 2010). "Original article". FAZ (in German).
  23. ^ Schuller, Konrad (July 14, 2010). "Inszenierung eines Missverständnisses" [A misunderstanding]. FAZ (in German). Archived from the original on December 30, 2014.
  24. ^ a b "Yanukovych dismisses Khoroshkovsky from military service". Kyiv Post. January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012.
  25. ^ "Khoroshkovsky ready to sell his media business". Kyiv Post. June 12, 2010. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011.
  26. ^ СБУ віддали Хорошковському [SBU was given to Khoroshkovskiy] (in Ukrainian). UNIAN. March 11, 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010.
  27. ^ "Yanukovych was damned by a blog" (in Russian and Ukrainian). glavred.info. August 2, 2010. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010.
  28. ^ "Luzhkov again returned to his routine" (in Russian and Ukrainian). glavred.info. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010.
  29. ^ "The Entire Ukraine Is a Brothel". Spiegel Online. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011.
  30. ^ Головний борець із корупцією з СБУ носить годинник дорожчий за його річну зарплату. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012.
  31. ^ "Seven spies, 16 special service agents exposed in Ukraine in 2009". Interfax-Ukraine. Kyiv Post. December 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014.
  32. ^ ТОП-5 арештів і "маски-шоу" 2011 року [The top-5 arrests and mask-shows in 2011]. Ekonomichna Pravda (in Ukrainian). January 11, 2012. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Miller, Christopher (December 30, 2014). "Ukraine's top intelligence agency deeply infiltrated by Russian spies". Mashable. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015.
  34. ^ a b Ukraine: Security services 'infiltrated protest groups' Archived April 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (February 28, 2014)
  35. ^ Sukhov, Oleg (June 28, 2015). "Video appears to show top security official supporting Kremlin-backed separatists (VIDEO)". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015.
  36. ^ (in Ukrainian) After the annexation left only 10% of staff SBU Archived February 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (February 8, 2016)
  37. ^ (in Ukrainian) After the annexation, only 217 SBU officers went to the mainland Archived November 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (November 7, 2017)
  38. ^ Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (July 21, 2016). "Ukraine: "You don't exist": Arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, and torture in Eastern Ukraine". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  39. ^ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 August to 15 November 2017" (PDF). www.ohchr.org. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  40. ^ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 May to 15 August 2017" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  41. ^ "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Ukraine 14 March 2014 to 31 January 2017" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  42. ^ "Inside Ukraine's assassination programme". The Economist. September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  43. ^ Vasina, Olena; Williams, Matthias (November 30, 2018). "Ukraine's security service raids home of Russian-backed monastery head". Reuters.
  44. ^ "Ukraine raids Orthodox churches with Russia ties". France 24. December 3, 2018.
  45. ^ "Ukraine set to establish new church, secure split from Russia". Al Jazeera. December 15, 2018.
  46. ^ "The Arrest of Vladimir Tsemakh and Its Implications for the MH17 Investigation". Bellingcat. July 9, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
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